Hârbu, Amalia-IoanaBorș, Silviu-IonuțRoșca, PetruNechifor, FlorinCiornei, Ștefan-GregoreDrugociu, Dan-Gheorghe2026-06-102026-06-1020251454-7406https://repository.iuls.ro/handle/20.500.12811/6592Reproductive performance in dairy cows has become increasingly challenging due to the demands of intensified milk production. This surge in productivity has led to significant physiological strain on the animals, resulting in a notable decline in fertility rates. Thus, high-yielding cows are often predisposed to reproductive challenges, such as delayed resumption of ovarian cyclicity, cystic ovarian disease, and anovulation, which decrease conception rates. These disorders are closely linked to the metabolic stress and hormonal imbalances associated with intensive milk production. Controlling ovarian function through timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocols has become an essential strategy for addressing various challenges. Protocols like Ovsynch, Presynch, Double Ovsynch, and other TAI protocols allow precise synchronization of ovulation. This approach reduces the dependence on estrus detection. In addition, the incorporation of progestative devices further supports luteal function and enhances reproductive outcomes. In parallel, advanced assisted reproduction techniques, including embryo transfer and in vitro fertilization, expand the options available for genetic improvement and reduce the gap between generations. While metabolic status and individual variation in ovarian response can influence the outcomes of TAI protocols, continual advancements in protocol development and reproductive management strategies are enhancing cow fertility. Integrating TAI protocols with assisted reproduction techniques can significantly enhance fertility management in dairy cows, supporting farm profitability.EnglishAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ovarian activitydairy cattleestrus synchronizationfertilityassisted reproductionArticle2393-4603https://doi.org/10.61900/SPJVS.2025.04.07