2011

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.iuls.ro/handle/20.500.12811/2523

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Evaluation of Armillaria melea species features concerning some heavy metals up take in natural conditions of different forestry ecosystems
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Busuioc, Gabriela; Stihi, Claudia; Elekes, Carmen-Cristina; Georgescu, Andreea-Antonia
It was necessary to identify the metals (heavy, noble and rare metals) bioabsorption characteristics to the edible mushroom species Armillaria melea, in the view to relieve its quality as indicator. The samples were collected from some forestry ecosystems: Adanca, Gorgota, Manesti, Bucegi-Paduchiosu and Dambovita River vally from Dambovita County. All over the world today are developing large studies concerning biochemical and physiological features of mushrooms in the view to promote them as biological tools in different types of environmental biotechnologies grace of their bioabsorption capacity for heavy, rare or noble metals. This paper is about the elemental content of Armillaria melea in cap and stipe, bioabsorption factor, correlated to the mineral content of substrate and its natural pH value. The elemental content of biological and environmental samples was determined by spectrometry of fluorescence (EDXRF) using ELVA_X apparatus. Biological samples and their substrate samples have been dried at 600 C some hours first. After drying the solid samples have been grinded until to fine powder and weighed. For the evaluation of EDXRF results was used a certified reference sample NIST SRM 1571- Orchard leaves. So, it was determinate the presence of some heavy metals as copper, manganese, lead.
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Analysis of foreign direct investment’s sustainability in Romania
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Mihai, Costică
The economic integration of Romania into European Union structures and continued globalization has determined significant changes in the economies of different countries. The involvement of foreign firms in the Romanian economy is undoubtedly a strong economic motivation arising from the competitive advantages they have compared with Romanian companies. In the hope of economic revival, the Romanian Government encourages foreign direct investments, recognized that is they are have a major mobilizing effect on the national economy. But the principles of sustainability is an issue that should be considered, equally, by the Romanian policy makers. Industrial and typology analysis of foreign direct investment in Romania in terms of their sustainability is the purpose of this paper. In relation to the principles of sustainable development, will be taking into account of environmental protection issues, labor involvement and impact on other economic sectors as determinants of foreign direct investment character. If investments such as those performed to obtain green energy (wind, solar, geothermal, etc.) have a evident sustainable connotation, others, such as those made for the extensive use of labor or of some local resources (e.g. wood) does not can classify so easily into either category of sustainability. Furthermore there is also a general perception of negative impact of some investments, even if, obviously, multinational companies make large financial and advertising efforts to demonstrate the opposite (e.g. in extractive industry). A detailed analysis of the effects of these investments may, however, clarify their sustainability. According to the approaches made, is desired, further, to highlight the sustainable investment proportion and impact on the Romanian economy, given the broad spectrum of effects on economic and social development of Romania.
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Opportunities of multifunctional development in rural Romanian
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Soare, Elena; Dobre, Iuliana
Multifunctionality of agriculture represents an essential element of the development of Romanian rural area. This multifunctionality refers to the fact that the development of the rural area could be achieved by the amplification of its functions creating a modern economical and social infrastructure. In fact it is about a development by which the new type of agriculture is defined namely a concept to support a rural area, a principle that is promoted and sustained otherwise by the European Union rural politics. The creation of the multifunctional agriculture represents an advantage for the rural area, especially where there are other possibilities of assured incomes. These advantage must be used because they assure an marginal income which determines the socio-economical development of the rural area. From a methodological point of view the paper is based on the analysis of some elements re-found at the agriculture level and their impact on the Romanian rural area multifunctional development. The results will be carried out in rendering the possibilities of development of the exploitation structures in agriculture and the convergence with other services of same domain.
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A statistical analysis of distribution and evolution of forest potential in Romania, between 1990-2010, especially for Suceava county
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Spiridonică, Alexandru-Mihnea; Isnovoiu, Luciana-Elena
Romanian forest covers 6.37 millions ha (about a quarter of the country area). From this, 6.23 millions ha are covered by forests, representing 26.7% of the country area. In the early years, forests used to cover 80% of the country, but the need for practicing agriculture or other economic interests consistently reduced the area, decreasing the ratio below European average of 33%. Forest management has become even more unbalanced because of the economic interests which were promoted instead of a rational management, leaving aside biodiversity’s conservation. Catastrophic floods that swept the whole country have shown how seriously the ability of hydrological and anti-erosion protection of our forest has been reduced. The major threatens for the forests are the uncontrolled cuttings for timber and the appropriation of former owners. This phenomena will increase if no measures are taken. The forests play an ecological part, so that 50% of Romanian forests are classified into categories of water, soil and climate protection. So, the way forests are managed significantly affects environment’s quality. The choice of statistical data is motivated by the fact that deforestation is one of the main risk factors favoring the occurrence of climatic and geo-morphological risk phenomena. The goal of this paper is the achievement of a complete statistical analysis of the forests in our country, with general applicability for all Romanian counties and particularly for Suceava county. To avoid “distortion” of analysis and representation, Bucharest was not taken into account.
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The effect of some chemical mutagens effect on the mitotic division to Digitalis lanata Ehrh.
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Slabu Pascal, Cătălina-Georgiana; Țîrdea, Gheorghe; Leonte, Constantin
The little woolly finger seeds (Digitalis lanata Ehrh.) Lanata 1 variety, were treated with three chemicals, each of these with four concentrations: 2,4-D acid, ethidium bromide and colchicine, in four concentrations each (0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%), at every experience the results were compared with the control (untreated). The mutagenic chemicals in the mentioned concentrations influenced the mitotic cycle from the root meristems, by modifying the mitotic index and through changes of some of its phases, by the occurrence of some changed phases, namely some chromosomes reorganization (single or multiple chromosomal bridges, residuary chromosomes, chromosomes fragments and micronuclei). The research has established the correlations resulted from the interactions of the biological material and the mutagen (the biological material sensitivity) and between the substances concentration and the frequency of the chromosomal aberrations
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Effects of fertilization on the evolution of macronutrients concentration in Malus domestica leaves, Idared variety, under agroecopedological conditions of "V. Adamachi" farm, Iaşi
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Bolohan, Diana-Elena; Avarvarei, Ioan; Volf, Mariana
Confirming or infirming disorders of nutrition and correcting fertilization systems through foliar diagnosis is the central objective of the study undertaken in Malus domestica Borkh experience, Idared variety. The paper presents changes of indices: total nitrogen (Nt%), total phosphorus (Pt%) and total potassium (Kt%) of apple leaves, knowing that fertilization significantly influence their chemical composition. Outcomes show that in addition to the basic fertilization foliar fertilizers increase the insurance status of apple for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the optimum area. It is noted that nitrogen and phosphorus in the range of records to ensure optimal high potassium values recorded against the best but fell outside the lower limit. On the basis of determining the total forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are established the following indicators: global nutrition and nutritional balance. Share of nitrogen and phosphorus in the global nutrition indicator, varied for both years of experimentation, and recorded values falling into a state of optimal supply, while potassium showed values lower than normal. Best values were obtained for root supplemented with foliar fertilization. Nutrient balance shows a slightly poor nutrition for potassium. It can be seen that the trend in 2011 compared to 2010 is to the optimal rebalancing.
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The evaluation of the benefits generated by the investments in wind energy
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Ștefan, Gavril; Mihai, Costică; Coca, Oana
Starting from the economic effects of investments in wind energy, the authors search to answer the questions: What is the global energy balance determined by the investments in renewable energy? What are the economic, social and environmental effects? The answer to these questions has as starting point the cost - benefit analysis and the comparative analysis of the situation in the European energy market. The investment in wind energy production are, generally, generators of present benefits. If their recognition presents no obstacle, their quantification for the inclusion in the investor's business plan presents real difficulties. Sustainable development of economy and society requires also the focused action of all economic actors in solving current problems related to energy. Regarding this, the paper highlights the need for public support for the investment in wind energy projects, considering the generated benefits. Through benefits we understand the positive effects due to an investment, in economic, social and environmental area.
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Considerations on the competitive advantage and the market performance
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Ștefan, Gavril
There is a market? There is a competitive context? There are determinants of performance or they are impossible to identify? Considering the historical data and estimating the magnitude of economic variables over long periods of time, some researchers consider that the determinants of market performance are the capital, the labor and the innovation. Analyzing the economic present from the western countries we conclude that these findings are not valid. Are we in error and it is impossible to find an answer? Regarding this, the study is looking answer of the question: which are the determinants of performance or non-perfomance of the market in terms of globalization? To answer, they were analyzed the first three players on the red wine market from Romania. The results highlight the fact that the determinants of market performance are in a continuous motion and follow the changes of values of the global economy.
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Diagnostic study on administrative management of "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Agricultural Sciences And Veterinary Medicine Iaşi
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Neagu, Adrian-Doru
Romanian education in general and higher education in particular is in the process of institutional and structural reform, following the application of National Education Law, adopted in 2011. The education with agronomic profile of Romania also participate in this reform process that has in view all the issues relating to the structure, organization, material and human resources, all aimed at improving efficiency of training and education. Compared to other educational profiles, the agronomic profile has specific peculiarities especially regarding the curriculum content and especially university education level with an emphasis on practical work of agronomists graduates (Ciurea IV2005). One of the levers to achieve quality in agronomic education is the type of administrative management applied at the level of the institution and its component structures (Antonesei L. & colab.2000). This study aimed to diagnose the type and structure of administrative management from USAMV Iasi in order to identify strategies for its improvement.
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The phenotypic evaluation of white lupine cultivars (lupinus albus l.) from the collection of USAMV Iași
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Simioniuc, Violeta; Slabu, Cristina; Lipșa, Florin-Daniel; Simioniuc, Dănuț-Petru
The white lupine collection from Plant Breeding Department of USAMV Iasi includes more than 40 lineal varieties and land races. These cultivars were collected from different sources and were studied from many different aspects in last years. This paper reveals the behavior of 15 from them, in the conditions of 2011, at Ezareni Farm (Didactic Station Iasi). Thirty plants from each cultivar were token for laboratory analysis and the following characters were studied: height, number of main ramification, number of floors with pods, pods/ floor, pods/ plant, weight of pods per floor and plant, average length of pods, number of seeds per plant, average weight of seeds per floor and per plant and TKW. The experimental data were statistically evaluated for obtaining the average and the variability of the characters. The results obtained in 2011 shows the yield potential of the cultivars, related especially at yield seeds. Knowing the different way of the lupin uses, seed, green manure or dry culms and the satisfactory yield and the complete missing of that specie from The Official Catalog of Cultivars from Romania (the only Romanian cultivar were available till 2009) we can appreciate that the data from this paper could be useful for the breeding activity at this species.
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Aspects regarding the potential socio-economic hilly areas of the Timis county
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Toader, Cosmina-Simona; Brad, Ioan; Hurmuzache, Tabita-Cornelia; Gherman, Remus; Moisa, Sebastian
Timis County’s hilly area is located at a junction of influences that could be fructified in its benefit, influences that are carried out by some of the important cities in the county, like Timisoara and Lugoj, cities that are located at relatively small distances from the studied communes. In the present paper, the authors achieve a diagnosis analysis of Timis County’s hilly area, aiming to point out its socioeconomical potential. The studied area is formed from 27 admnistriative units (communes, cities), which occupy 30.4% of Timis County’s total surface and where 72.186 inhabitants live, this representing 10.6% of Timis County’s population. From an economical point of view, like the entire rural space, the hilly area of Timis County is featured by a lack of diversity in economical activities, which determines an excessive dependency on agriculture, a diminished economical efficiency of agricultural activities, a defective way of exploiting the land and turning to profit agricultural products. In terms of infrastructure, concerning urbanistic facilities, the studied area is slightly incondite, considering the fact that many communes have known a rapid development, due to acces to European funds and approaching urban centres, which offerend them the oportunity to become a habitat for a large part of the city inhabitants.
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The usage of the logical framework method in establishing the projects for rural communities’ development
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Toader, Cosmina-Simona; Brad, Ioan; Gherman, Remus; Iosim, Iasmina; Feher, Andrea
This study tries to highlight the importance of the logical framework method for the planning process of the projects and implicitly the role of the projects for the rural communities’ development. For the study and analysis we selected Ghizela commune from the North – Eastern part of Timis county. The entire Romanian rural space and the analyzed rural community faces infrastructural, demographic and mainly economical problems, the agriculture is the main source of income for the members of this community. Thus, by this study we would like to solve one of the problems this community is facing: the lack of incomes from alternative activities, a project based on the natural, human, cultural and historical resources which can be found in Ghizela commune. Also the proposed project is meant to encourage and to stimulate the local initiatives, taking into consideration that the members of the community don’t have initiatives in starting small rural businesses which could provide incomes from other activities. The allocated budget is small because the project is based mainly on the involvement of the community members so that they can gain confidence in their own forces. The project is based on practicing tourism, especially agro-tourism, at a smaller level because the tourists are children from the schools from Timisoara. In fact, by this project we try to attract children from schools to the rural environment in order to know the rural life with all its aspects, during this period they will perform both didactic and leisure activities. The local farms will be involved in the project; they will provide accommodation and meal for the “small tourists”, offering natural fresh products produced in their own farm.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Ion Ionescu de la Brad – promoter of the use of accounting in the romanian agriculture
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Rusu, Alina
Ion Ionescu de la Brad lived during a period of intensive socio-economic changes in Romania, so that his opera shows a profound erudition. His works are a combination between the creative assimilation of economic and agronomic knowledge available to date and the originality resulting from the realities of those times and places. This paper aims to identify the contribution of scientist Ion Ionescu de la Brad in accounting theory and practice in our country. He was the first Romanian author interested in applying accounting principles to agriculture. In his view, double entry accounting is a method to control and monitoring of the movements of values occurring in the economic and administrative entities. The accounting records not only the movements of values, but allows the economic analysis, giving to the manufacturer the image of his present economic situation and a development perspective. So, in his opinion, it has both the role of reflect the results of economic activity carried out at present and the role of guide the manufacturers in their future activity. In his works, he also signaled the usefulness of accounting in terms of preventing and detecting damage that would occur in the economic or administrative activities. The scientist looked the accounting in terms of its role in nurturing and educating the moral principles of social conduct: honesty and fairness that must underlie relations between people. Studying his work, we can conclude that Ion Ionescu de la Brad is a pioneer of the accounting thought and of the application of accounting in our country's agriculture.
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Sources of Utopia
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Mihalache, Roxana; Petrea, Elena
The myth of the Lost Paradise was present in more or less complex forms in almost all primitive culture and it can be considered the first manifestation of human thought on the harsh conditions of human existence, having as background the image of some primordial mythical happiness. All the peoples of the world have started to have a theological and mythological vision on the world since ancient periods of their existence. The idea of beauty, equilibrium, equitableness and justice presented in different forms, represented with no exception a semiconscious need of life.
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Semi-subzistence farms in the future rural development policy
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Mihai, Cornelia; Vintilă, Andrei-Lucian; Gîțan, Dănuț; Bocănici, Mioara
In Romania's rural space, small and medium farms are a significant percentage of the total existing holdings, thus showing a significant typology of agricultural holdings. Most of them are represented by composite private-family holdings (plants and animals), self-managed or leased. In this category of farms, the productive activities are combined with family life, in which work is performed almost entirely by family members and the employment (seasonal, especially) is the least used. The economic size of farm may be different, depending on the specificity of each Member State. In Romania, we consider farms between 2 and 40 ESUs as being small and medium. The minimum level of 2 ESU is the level at which we consider that a farm can produce and sell. Analyzing the Eurostat data, we see that this type of farming is in most European countries and also remained practiced in old Member States as well, so we can not ignore it. In Romania, the number of these farms is overwhelmingly higher than in other Member States and what is most significant is the fact that out of the total number of 4,256,200 farms, 3,020,200 have under 1ESU, 800,000 have between 1 and 2 ESUs, 1,236,000 farms have more than 2 ESUs. This depends on the fact that most of these farms have a very low degree of mechanization, a poor agricultural inventory, hence a low agricultural yield.
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Diversification of agricultural activities in the context of sustainable rural development
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Mihai, Cornelia; Gîțan, Dănuț; Vintilă, Andrei-Lucian; Bocănici, Mioara
Recognizing the challenges the rural areas are facing, the European Commission and OECD agree with the fact that the term "rural" is not synonymous with decline. Globalization, increasing accessibility and new patterns of migration provide new development opportunities for rural areas. A large number of rural regions have been able to capitalize on their public or quasi-public goods, such as clean environment, attractive landscapes and cultural heritage (including foodstuff). A healthy and diversified rural economy provides employment opportunities outside the farm too, as well as social, economic and cultural services that attract and keep individuals in rural areas. Diversification of activities of agricultural farms with non-agricultural activities has a significant effect on the rural economy, by increasing farm incomes and farm variability, thus affecting the consumption of goods and local services by farms, as well as the provision of agriculture related services (OECD, 2009). In Europe one can notice increasing diversification of rural areas: in 2007, 35% of European farmers had an economic activity other than agriculture, this percentage is exceeding 50% in many countries and regions (especially in Slovenia, Sweden and Cyprus); 82% of the employed labor force and 95% of value added in areas predominantly rural of the EU27 came from non-agricultural sectors, which means an average annual increase of 1.8%, respectively 2.7% between 2000 and 2006 (OECD, 2009).
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Aspects that characterize the quality of life in Romanian rural area
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Iancu, Tiberiu; Brad, Ioan; Milin, Ioana-Anda; Hurmuzache, Tabita-Cornelia; Iosim, Iasmina
Quality of life of people is an important concern in the economic and political sciences, Field of quality of life is an area of interest to practitioners and policy makers, arising out of major importance given to the human factor in a society, Analysis of quality of life is important to monitor the evolution in time of major social and economic phenomena that characterize a society as a whole, The analysis of social indicators system and thus of quality of life, is a basic concern of modern democratic societies, This analysis is necessary for identifying the changes that occur over time, the main economic and social issues - related to unemployment, population health status, level of vocational training, life satisfaction and subjective quality of life side, The analysis of quality of life indicators provides an overview of the general welfare of society, statistically grounded and solid theoretical and empirical bases, In developed societies, debates on quality of life took place in a context characterized by two trends: increasing awareness of pollution in the industrial society and economic growth effect of race on the one hand, and on the other hand, awareness of quality of life that recognized social value, Under threat of negative impacts of development, the society became aware of the need to revise economic orientation, Production processes created decades ago to get a better quality of life have become barriers to quality of life for present and future, Quality of life is an engine for economic growth, Therefore, the ultimate goal of any economic policy must be to increase the quality of life, The world economic growth is unprecedented, and, however, discrepancies between the rich and the poor is widening.
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Ecotourism contribution to sustainable development of rural communities
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Iancu, Tiberiu; Brad, Ioan; Pet, Elena; Hurmuzache, Tabita-Cornelia; Iancu, Mihaela
Ecotourism has emerged as a form of tourism along with people's need to withdraw in nature and natural areas , to visit and know who enjoy or not a national or international protection status. In broad terms we can say that ecotourism means traveling most often in developing countries to relatively undisturbed natural areas for study, leisure or voluntary assistance (volunteer) who considers himself flora, fauna, geological forms and ecosystems from area and the people who live nearby, their needs, culture and their relationship with the earth. Along with the development of ecotourism worldwide recognition came and benefits of this form of tourism as a mechanism for optimal utilization of tourism resources and landscape. Ecotourism is a form of sustainable tourism, the main motivation of the tourists is the observation and appreciation of nature and local traditions related to nature, must fulfill the following conditions: conservation and nature protection, use of local human resources, character education, respect for nature, awareness of tourists and local communities minimum negative impact on the natural and socio-cultural environment. In the present context the contribution of ecotourism will be especially economical with great social and economic effects. Ecotourism paradigms - new existential philosophy of local communities and tourists arrived in these areas will be the starting point for generating new approaches to these activities, both in terms of economic development, and sustainable development. Deciphering them will help develop models of existence, to change the mentality and building foundations for the upward evolution of rural communities.
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Agriculture and food safety
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Hurmuzache, Tabita-Cornelia; Iancu, Tiberiu; Feher, Andrea; Toader, Cosmina-Simona; Moisa, Sebastian
Ensuring the food necessity and safety for the population of the Earth was and will be a main concern of the international organisms of this area. Realizing a food production which could ensure the consumption of the population of the entire planet, according to the demographic increase, registered mainly in the poor countries, means to maintain the permanent characteristic for the main resource categories: water, soil, forest, solar energy, etc. At international level we can notice important gaps both quantitative and qualitative of the products and services, according to the development level of each country. These gaps are higher as the development level of the country is lower. Food safety involves food availability, accessibility and food quality. The evolution of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) related to the food safety, was due not only to the changes from the agriculture but also of the incomes as a response to the needs of the society. Among these we can mention the increasing concern regarding the hygiene and the food safety and the wellness of the animals. In these areas, CAP and other policies of the European Union and the consumer’s protection, were considerably consolidated starting with 1990. The increase of food safety remains an important topic for the European Union. The new agricultural policy of the European Union is mainly focused on the food safety, durable agriculture and rural development. After 2013, the objectives of CAP will be focused on three main topics: food safety and markets supply, insurance of a durable administration of the natural resources and the support for the agricultural production on the entire European territory and not only in the preferred areas from the agricultural point of view.
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Diagnostic analysis of ecotourism potential of Caras-Severin county
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, 2011) Hurmuzache, Tabita-Cornelia; Iancu, Tiberiu; Nisu, Silviu; Feher, Andrea; Iancu, Mihaela
Sustainable tourism development is not just a concept discussed, supplemented or restated in the conferences held on this subject. Need to protect natural and cultural riches which is the common heritage of humanity and to meet the needs of tourists and local people led to the emergence in practice some form of sustainable tourism. Objectives, principles, sustainable tourism development requirements can be found in forms of tourism such as ecotourism, rural tourism or cultural tourism. These forms are an expression of desire for tourism to represent not only a positive factor and dynamic development and a practical solution for keeping unaltered the environment. Caras-Severin position in a natural setting, in a mainly mountainous area with a rich and varied forest and wildlife, with a representative hydrographic network, with great cultural-historical values encourage tourism development in various forms, these elements representing tourist destinations with a high degree of attractiveness. Tourism values are given by a natural setting rich and varied with many types of terrain, climate elements that are under the influences of ocean and southern, a representative of the hydrographic network, a rich and varied forest and wildlife, all representing tourist destinations with a high degree of attractiveness. Because of the exceptional features of the landscape and species diversity in the county were established more than 50 protected areas. Protected areas account for approximately 14.6% of the county, so almost three times more than the rest of the country. From total, three of the protected areas have the status of national park and a natural park.

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