2020

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.iuls.ro/handle/20.500.12811/3107

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Study of volatile compounds of romanian red wines aged with oak chips
("Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, 2019) Dumitriu Gabur, Georgiana-Diana; Teodosiu, Carmen; Cotea, Valeriu V.; Peinado, Rafael Andres; Gabur, Iulian; López de Lerma, Nieves
Wine aroma plays an essential role and can be considered one of the most important attributes of the overall wine quality. Generally, aroma is a remarkable complex chemical matrix comprising compounds from various chemical classes (alcohols, esters, acids, aldehydes, lactones, phenols, terpenes, ketones, norisoprenoids, etc.). Although some studies tackle wine aroma in general, the chemical changes attributed to wine aroma during the ageing process are still poorly understood. In this study, the profiles of minor volatile compounds of wine obtained from Feteasca neagra grape variety, aged for 1.5 and 3 months by using stir bars sorptive extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SBSE-GS-MS) were investigated. Red wines were aged using medium toast oak wood chips with the following dimension 0.5 1.5 0.2 cm (width length thickness). The analysis identified 20 minor volatile compounds in samples. These compounds belong to four major chemical groups, namely esters, volatile phenols, carbonilics and oak compounds. Samples aged for 3 months registered an increase, when compared to 1.5 months samples, for all identified and quantified compounds. However, heptanal and octanal concentrations decreased. Principal components analysis of the minor volatile compounds differentiated wines according to their ageing time. The first principal components (PC1) explained 78.80% and PC2 14.03% of the total variance. Sensory profile of Feteasca neagra aged with oak chips was characterized by high notes of woody, toasty, vanilla, smoky and cacao and an attenuation of ripe fruit and herbaceous attributes.
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Synthetic dye’s substitution with chokeberry extract in jelly candies
(Springer, 2020-04-29) Ghendov Moșanu, Aliona; Cristea, Elena; Sturza, Rodica; Niculaua, Marius; Patraș, Antoanela
Matching the general trend of replacing synthetic additives with healthier natural products, the present research studies the effects of different concentrations of chokeberry extract which substitute carmoisine dye in jelly candies. Also, the colour and antioxidant properties of the aforementioned extract and their changes at various pH and in presence of different mineral salts from foods are analysed. The phenolic content of the extract was determined using HPLC and spectrophotometric methods. A high concentration of polyphenols was found in the chokeberry extract, of which around 97% were flavonoids. Catechin, epicatechin, ferulic acid and its methyl esther, protocatechuic, gallic and para-hydroxybenzoic acids were the major phenolics identified in the extract. The total antioxidant activity decreased in acidic media, while close-to-neutral and alkaline pH values did not exhibit any effect on this parameter. Furthermore, the green/red colour parameter, the chroma and the hue angle were enhanced in the most acidic media (pH 2.3 and 3.5). From the studied salts, CaCl2 and KNO3 had the most significant effects on colour. The chokeberry extract proved to be suitable as replacement of carmoisine dye in jelly candies, as the physicochemical and microbiological properties comply with the regulated requirements. More than that, the extract improved the antioxidant and sensory properties of jellies in all studied concentrations and the best total sensory score was obtained for 1.5% extract. After 5 and 50 days of storage, the microbiological properties were improved in candies prepared with aronia extracts compared to carmoisine, as the total viable count registered important diminutions.
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Effect of lipophilic sea buckthorn extract on cream cheese properties
(Springer, 2019) Ghendov Moșanu, Aliona; Sturza, Rodica; Opriș, Ocsana; Lung, Ildiko; Popescu, Liliana; Popovici, Violina; Soran, Maria-Loredana; Patraș, Antoanela
The aim of this study was to evaluate the physico-chemical, microbiological, sensory properties and antioxidant activity of the functional cream cheese prepared with lipophilic extracts of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). The first step of the research consisted of an evaluation of the physico-chemical characteristics and the antioxidant capacity of the sea buckthorn lipophilic extracts. The sea buckthorn extracts had a significant antioxidant capacity (67.04 ± 2.67%), a content of total carotenoids of 8.27 ± 0.01 mg L−1 and a content of total polyphenols of 1842.86 ± 1.41 mg/100 g dry vegetal material. The addition of the sea buckthorn extracts did not negatively affect the fresh cream cheese’s sensory characteristics. The addition of sea buckthorn extracts to the cream cheese resulted in an increase of antiradical activity and dry matter content, a decrease in acidity and higher growth inhibitition of germs.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Innovative approaches for the analysis and decontamination of mycotoxins from feed and milk
(University of Bucharest, 2020) Ariton, Adina-Mirela; Chelmu, Sorin-Sergiu; Neculai Văleanu, Andra-Sabina; Postolache, Alina-Narcisa; Ungureanu, Elena; Creangă, Șteofil
Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites produced by some filamentous fungi. In spite of great efforts to prevent it, contamination of animal feed with mycotoxins still occurs very frequently, causing serious diseases in farm animals. Such small chemicals pose a high challenge to food safety and a serious risk to human and animal health, additionally leading to the agricultural industry’s massive economic losses. They can reach our food chain either directly from plant-based food components contaminated with mycotoxins or indirectly through food-borne contamination. Aside from the concerns about the adverse effects of direct intake of mycotoxin-contaminated foods and feeds, there is also a public health concern regarding the possible ingestion of food products derived from animals, such as beef, milk or eggs containing mycotoxin residues or metabolites. Despite the constant advancement of conventional methods, current trends in science are searching for innovative solutions, thus researchers prioritize the production of detoxification technologies for high-risk resources. Nanotechnology approaches seem a promising, efficient, and low-cost way to minimize mycotoxin’s health effects. This study provides new insights into potential future work that may address the difficulties of using nanotechnology to remove mycotoxins from agricultural products, in general and in the animal husbandry sector in particular.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Tomato Crop Performances under Chemical Nutrients Monitored by Electric Signal
(MDPI, 2020-12-04) Mihalache, Gabriela; Pereș, Cătălina-Iuliana; Bodale, Ilie; Achiței, Vlăduț; Gheorghițoaie, Mădălin-Vasile; Teliban, Gabriel-Ciprian; Cojocaru, Alexandru; Butnariu, Monica; Muraru, Vergil-Marian; Stoleru, Vasile
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New Ti-6Al-2Nb-2Ta-1Mo alloy as implant biomaterial: In vitro corrosion and in vivo osseointegration evaluations
(Elsevier, 2019-09-27) Trincă, Lucia-Carmen; Mareci, Daniel; Solcan, Carmen; Fântânariu, Mircea; Burtan, Liviu-Cătălin; Hrițcu, Luminița-Diana; Chiruță, Ciprian; Fernández Mérida, Luis C.; Rodríguez Raposo, Raquel; Santana, Juan J.; Souto, Ricardo M.
Over the last decade, new titanium alloys are developed in different areas of implantology. The aim of this study was to characterize a new Ti-Al-Nb-Ta-Mo based alloy, with high potential for being used as a biomedical implant. The evaluation of Ti-6Al-2Nb-2Ta-1Mo was performed both in vitro (by monitoring its corrosion resistance in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution, HBSS) and in vivo (by evaluating the osseointegration following rabbit tibia implantation), by comparison with titanium and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data showed high impedance values for all titanium samples after 1 week immersion times in HBSS at 37 °C. According to EIS analysis, the corrosion resistance of the Ti-6Al-2Nb-2Ta-1Mo alloy immersed in HBSS was higher compared to the standard cp-Ti or with the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. In addition, a higher degree of osseointegration was achieved by the Ti-6Al-2Nb-2Ta-1Mo alloy, thus probing that a higher resistance to electrochemical corrosion provided enhanced protection to the implant surface against biodegradation, thus positively affecting the qualitative and quantitative evolution of bone tissue repair.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Reversible and irreversible processes in drying and wetting of soil
(MDPI, 2019-12-28) Bodale, Ilie; Stancu, Alexandru
In this article, we provide a detailed description of a modeling technique for the capillary hysteresis in a soil-like porous material based on a Generalized Preisach Model. The identification of the reversible and irreversible Preisach distributions was performed with the first-order reversal curve (FORC) diagram technique, which is very popular now in magnetism and in other areas of science to give a fingerprint of the studied system. A special attention was given to the evaluation of the reversible component. In this case, we used a set of data published in 1965 by Morrow and Harris which has been used as a reference by many other researchers since. The advantage of this approach is that the experimental FORC distributions can be described with analytical functions and easily implemented in the mentioned Preisach-type model. Our research is also focused on the development of a characterization tool for the soil using the soil-moisture hysteresis. The systematic use of scanning curves provides a (FORC) diagram linked to the physical properties of the studied soil. The agreement between the experimental data and the Preisach model using the set of parameters found through the FORC technique is really noticeable and gives a good practical option to the researchers to use a method with a strong predictive capability.
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Fermentative volatilome modulation of Muscat Ottonel wines by using yeast starter cultures
(Elsevier, 2020-05-16) Vararu, Florin; Moreno García, Jaime; Niculaua, Marius; Cotea, Valeriu V.; Mayén, Manuel; Moreno, Juan
Expert winemakers demand an objective methodology based on the volatile metabolome that provides a scientific basis for technology enhancements. In this study, thirty-seven volatile metabolites are quantified in nine wines: one obtained by spontaneous fermentation and eight by using pure starter cultures of eight different Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains. By subjecting the data matrices to statistical analyses, we established six groups among the nine wines by ten key volatiles, five for the eight yeasts and one for the control wine. The odor activity values (OAV) for the 37 quantified volatiles were grouped in six odorant series and subjected to a Multiple Variable Analysis to allow an objective and easy to understand foot-print for each wine. The scores obtained by an organoleptic evaluation of the same descriptors used for the odorant series generate a sensory footprint and a significant linear relationship among the fruity organoleptic scores and the fruity OAVs. These results evidence a great similarity among the volatilome of some yeast strains when fermenting Muscat Ottonel grape musts and establish an objective way to help winemakers make yeasts selections.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Potential Application of Hippophae Rhamnoides in Wheat Bread Production
(MDPI, 2020-03-11) Ghendov Moșanu, Aliona; Cristea, Elena; Patraș, Antoanela; Sturza, Rodica; Pădureanu, Silvica; Deseatnicova, Olga; Turculeț, Nadejda; Boeștean, Olga; Niculaua, Marius
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) berries are well known for their content in bioactive compounds, high acidity, bright yellow color, pleasant taste and odor, thus their addition in a basic food such as bread could be an opportunity for modern food producers. The aim of the present research was to investigate the characteristics and the effects of the berry’ flour added in wheat bread (in concentration of 1%, 3% and 5%) on sensory, physicochemical and antioxidant properties, and also bread shelf life. Berry flour contained total polyphenols—1467 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g, of which flavonoids—555 mg GAE/100 g, cinnamic acids—425 mg caffeic acid equivalents (CAE)/100 g, flavonols—668 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/100 g. The main identified phenolics were catechin, hyperoside, chlorogenic acid, cis- and trans-resveratrol, ferulic and protocatechuic acids, procyanidins B1 and B2, epicatechin, gallic acid, quercetin, p- and m-hydroxybenzoic acids. The antioxidant activity was 7.64 mmol TE/100 g, and carotenoids content 34.93 ± 1.3 mg/100 g. The addition of berry flour increased the antioxidant activity of bread and the shelf life up to 120 h by inhibiting the development of rope spoilage. The obtained results recommend the addition of 1% Hippophae rhamnoides berry flour in wheat bread, in order to obtain a product enriched in health-promoting biomolecules, with better sensorial and antioxidant properties and longer shelf life.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Modelling of Health Risk Associated with the Intake of Pesticides from Romanian Fruits and Vegetables
(2020-12-01) Minuț, Mariana; Roșca, Mihaela; Hlihor, Raluca-Maria; Cozma, Petronela; Gavrilescu, Maria
This study is focused on the assessment of risks caused by pesticide residues to Romanian and other European populations, by modelling the acute and chronic risks considering short- and long-term exposures to pesticide residues in specific fruits and vegetables from different Romanian regions. Data were obtained from the Romanian 2016 official monitoring programme. For assessing the dietary risk, we used the Pesticide Residue Intake model—PRIMo. According to the official data, it was found that 50.44% of fruit samples and 28.25% of vegetable samples were contaminated with pesticides. Our study focused on acute risks and chronic risks (in a maximalist worst-case scenario) posed by pesticide residues in strawberries, apples, lettuce and potatoes, given both their high degree of consumption and contamination with pesticides. The short-term exposure assessment of children’s health due to consumption of apples, lettuce and potatoes contaminated with dimethoate, chlorothalonil and carbendazim, revealed exposure levels higher than the acute reference dose (ARfD, as 100%), raising acute risks. On the other hand, the long-term exposure assessment showed that the highest percentage from the acceptable daily intake (ADI, as 100%) was obtained for German children (DE child) (273.9%), followed by Netherlands children (NL child) (143.7%) diets, based on consumption of apples with dimethoate residues. Therefore, serious measures are needed for banning pesticides such as dimethoate, chlorothalonil and carbendazim from all countries in the EU. This would reduce the health risks generated by the consumption of contaminated fruits and vegetables.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Biochemical, Physiological and Yield Characteristics of Red Basil as Affected by Cultivar and Fertilization
(MDPI, 2020-02-20) Teliban, Gabriel-Ciprian; Stoleru, Vasile; Burducea, Marian; Lobiuc, Andrei; Munteanu, Neculai; Popa, Lorena-Diana; Caruso, Gianluca
Unconventional fertilizers can act as elicitors to encourage the synthesis of phyto-pharmaceuticals in aromatic plants. In the present research, the effects of factorial combination between two red basil cultivars, ‘Opal’ and ‘De Buzau’, and four fertilization types, biosolids, organic, microorganisms and chemical, plus an unfertilized control, were assessed on fresh and dry yield, biometrical parameters, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) and antioxidant compounds and activity. Chemical fertilization increased fresh yield compared with the control, with no difference in organic and microorganism fertilization regarding dry weight. ‘De Buzau’ enhanced the number of lateral stems and plant height, the latter being better affected by chemical and microorganisms compared to the control. Chemical fertilization showed the highest leaf dry matter, nitrate content and SPAD, whereas the control showed the lowest. Compared to the unfertilized control, biosolids increased total phenolics in ‘Opal’; microorganisms, organic and biosolids enhanced total flavonoids in ‘Opal’, with the same effect under microorganisms and organic treatments in ‘De Buzau’. Total anthocyanins showed the highest content in ‘Opal’ under organic fertilization. The highest antioxidant activity in the basil extracts was detected under microorganisms and organic applications in ‘Opal’. The present investigation results demonstrate that unconventional fertilizers increase the synthesis of antioxidants and represent a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilization for growing red basil.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Chitosan-Based Delivery Systems Loaded with Glibenclamide and Lipoic Acid: Formulation, Characterization, and Kinetic Release Studies
(MDPI, 2020-10-26) Confederat, Luminița-Georgeta; Motrescu, Iuliana; Condurache, Mihaela-Iustina; Constantin, Sandra; Bujor, Alexandra; Tuchiluș, Cristina-Gabriela; Profire, Lenuța
Glibenclamide and lipoic acid are two drugs frequently recommended for the management of diabetes mellitus, and so, the development of a new formulation containing both substances has a great benefit in terms of efficiency and compliance, acting also as a multi-target drug system. Accordingly, the aim of this study was the formulation and physicochemicalcharacterization of new polymeric systems based on chitosan (CS) in whose matrix were encapsulated glibenclamide (Gly) and lipoic acid (LA). The polymeric systems were prepared as microparticles (CS–Gly, CS–LA, and CS–Gly–LA) through ionic gelation method, using pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinking agent. The polymeric systems obtained were characterized in terms of particle size and morphology, IR spectroscopy, entrapment efficiency and drug loading, swelling degree, and therelease of the active substances from the chitosan matrix. The polymeric systems obtained were stable systems; the presence of glibenclamide and lipoic acid into the polymer matrix were proved by IR spectroscopy. The entrapment efficiency was 94.66% for Gly and 39.68% for LA. The developed polymeric systems proved a favorable swelling degree and drug release profile, the percentage of release being 88.68% for LA and 75.17% for Gly from CS–Gly–LA systems.
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Volatilome fingerprint of red wines aged with chips or staves: Influence of the aging time and toasting degree
(Elsevier, 2020-04-25) Dumitriu Gabur, Georgiana-Diana; Peinado, Rafael Andres; Cotea, Valeriu V.; López de Lerma, Nieves
The influence on aroma compounds chips or staves and toasting degree have been analyzed in red wines aged for two periods of time. Ethyl propanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, isobutanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-phenylethanol, E-2-hexenol, octanal, nonanal, decanal, γ-nonalactone, furfural, 5-methylfurfural, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol and cis-whiskey lactone were the compounds that contribute the most to the aroma series profile. By means of principal components analysis, esters were related to the aging time; cis-whiskey lactone with the type of wood pieces and octanal, 5-methyl furfural and cis-whiskey lactone with the toasting degree. Star plot show that woody aroma compounds are dominant in wines aged with low toasting degree oak pieces, whereas medium plus toasted pieces increased the concentration of aroma compounds with fruity aroma descriptors. Wines with prominent fruity or woody aromas can be obtained depending upon the degree of toasting of wood pieces used for aging.
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Characterization of heavy metal toxicity in some plants and microorganisms—A preliminary approach for environmental bioremediation
(Elsevier, 2020-01-13) Diaconu, Mariana; Pavel, Vasile-Lucian; Hlihor, Raluca-Maria; Roșca, Mihaela; Ferțu, Daniela-Ionela; Lenz, Markus; Corvini, Philippe-Xavier; Gavrilescu, Maria
In situ bioremediation processes are important for control of pollution and clean-up of contaminated sites. The study and implementation of such processes can be designed through investigations on natural mechanisms of absorption, biotransformation, bioaccumulation and toxicity of pollutants in plants and microorganisms. Here, the phytotoxic effects of Cr(VI) and Cd(II) on seed germination and plant growth of Lepidium sativum have been examined at various concentrations (30−300 mg/L) in single ion solutions. The studies also addressed the ecotoxicity of metal ions on Azotobacter chroococcum and Pichia sp. isolated from soil. Microbial growth was estimated by weighing the dry biomass and determining the enzymatic activities of dehydrogenase and catalase. The results showed that Cr(VI) and Cd(II) can inhibit L. sativum seed germination and root development, depending on the metal ion and its concentration. The phytotoxic effect of heavy metals was also confirmed by the reduced amounts of dried biomass. Toxicity assays demonstrated the adverse effect of Cr(VI) and Cd(II) on growth of Azotobacter sp. and Pichia sp., manifested by a biomass decrease of more than 50 % at heavy metal concentrations of 150−300 mg/L. The results confirmed close links between phytotoxicity of metals and their bioavailability for phytoextraction. Studies on the bioremediation potential of soils contaminated with Cr(VI) and Cd(II) using microbial strains focusing on Azotobacter sp. and Pichia sp. showed that the microbes can only tolerate heavy metal stress at low concentrations. These investigations on plants and microorganisms revealed their ability to withstand metal toxicity and develop tolerance to heavy metals.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Plant growth promotion effect of plasma activated water on Lactuca sativa L. cultivated in two different volumes of substrate
(Springer Nature, 2020-12-01) Stoleru, Vasile; Burlică, Radu; Mihalache, Gabriela; Dîrlău, Iuliana-Delicia; Pădureanu, Silvica; Teliban, Gabriel-Ciprian; Astanei, Dragoș; Cojocaru, Alexandru; Beniuga, Oana; Patraș, Antoanela
Plasma activated water (PAW) can represent an alternative to chemical fertilizers in agriculture. The effects of PAW treatment applied in two concentrations (1.5 or 3.0 mg L−1 NO3−) on some morphological, physiological, biochemical parameters and yield of Lactuca sativa L. grown in two different pot volumes (400 or 3200 cm3) were investigated in this study. The results showed that both PAW concentrations did not influence the germination, once the process was initiated. Positive effects of the treatments were registered on the length of radicle and hypocotyls of lettuce at a concentration of 1.5 mg L−1 NO3− (PAW I), the chlorophyll content was significantly increased at a concentration of 3.0 mg L−1 NO3− (PAW II) and bigger pot volume, also the foliar weight and area. No significant differences between the treated and untreated plants were recorded for the root weight, leaf length and width. The dry weight was significantly higher for the lettuce treated with PAW I and II grown in big volume pots at 57 days after transplanting (DAT) and small volume pots at 64 DAT. The nitrites content of the lettuce grown in big pots was lower than of the lettuce grown in small pots, regardless of the PAW treatment. Contrary, the nitrates content was higher in the lettuce grown in big pots (up to 36.4 mg KNO3/g DW), compared to small pots (under 0.3 mg KNO3/g DW).
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Yield and Nutritional Response of Greenhouse Grown Tomato Cultivars to Sustainable Fertilization and Irrigation Management.
(MDPI, 2020-08-18) Stoleru, Vasile; Caba Inculeț, Simona-Carmen; Mihalache, Gabriela; Cojocaru, Alexandru; Teliban, Gabriel-Ciprian; Caruso, Gianluca
Tomato is considered one of the most important crops worldwide from nutritional and economic standpoints, and, in this respect, sustainable production should be a prime objective, particularly in terms of fertilization and irrigation management. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two fertilization types (chemical or organic) and two irrigation regimes (67% or 100% of evapotranspiration replenishment) on biometrical, biochemical, and yield parameters of three indeterminate cultivars of tomato grown in a greenhouse. The results showed that the effect of organic fertilization was better compared to chemical fertilization for lycopene accumulation and antioxidant activity, as well as for the lower concentrations of any of the macroelements in the tomato fruits; therefore, organic fertilization can be used as an alternative to chemical fertilization in sustainable horticulture. In each cultivar under the same fertilization type, the e ect of irrigation was significant on yield and the number of fruits, but the 100% evapotranspiration restoration did not enhance the fruit concentration of all the macroelements and microelements compared to 67% irrigation regime.Higher concentrations of macro- and microelements in the chemically fertilized fruits compared to the organic ones, regardless of the cultivar and the irrigation regime, suggest that the inorganic substances are more easily absorbed by plants under a protected environment. Organic fertilization positively affected the lycopene and antioxidant activities of tomato fruits, thus proving to be a valuable alternative to chemical fertilization in sustainable agriculture, although the product premium quality also depends on the cultivar used.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Dynamic of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and yield of rhubarb under chemical, organic and biological fertilization
(MDPI, 2020-03-11) Cojocaru, Alexandru; Vlase, Laurian; Munteanu, Neculai; Stan, Teodor; Teliban, Gabriel-Ciprian; Burducea, Marian; Stoleru, Vasile
In recent years, rhubarb is being increasingly cultivated, as it provides early yields when the vegetables supply to market is deficient and shows high levels of both polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity in edible parts. In 2017, we investigated crops of the rhubarb cultivar Victoria to the fifth year of production. Comparisons were performed between three root phase fertilizations—chemical (NPK 16-16-16®), organic (Orgevit®), and biological (Micoseeds MB®)—plus an unfertilized control. The determinations of polyphenols, the antioxidant capacity, and the yield indicators from the stalks (petioles) of rhubarb were made at each out of the 10 harvests carried out. The highest yield (59.16 t·ha−1) was recorded under the chemical fertilization. The total polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity varied widely from 533.86 mg GAE·g−1 d.w. and 136.86 mmol Trolox·g−1 d.w., respectively in the unfertilized control at the last harvest, up to 3966.56 mg GAE·g−1 d.w. and 1953.97 mmol Trolox·g−1 d.w. respectively under the organic fertilization at the four harvest. From the results of our investigation, it can be inferred that the chemical fertilization was the most effective in terms of yield, whereas the sustainable nutritional management based on organic fertilizer supply led to higher antioxidant compounds and activity.

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