2025

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.iuls.ro/handle/20.500.12811/5654

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The Use of Honey as A Bioactive Agent for Optimizing the Beef Maturation Process and the Impact on the Sensory Properties of the Final Product
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Munteanu, Mugurel; Flocea, Elena-Iuliana; Gucianu, Ioana; Mădescu, Bianca-Maria; Ciobanu, Marius-Mihai; Boișteanu, Paul-Corneliu
In human health concerns and diet diversification, food science research focuses on developing functional products, using sustainable and health-promoting methods. Beef, an important source of nutrients, is often rejected due to its sensory characteristics and tough texture, which is a challenge for consumers with dental problems. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of honey as a bioactive agent in optimizing the beef maturation process, considering its beneficial effects on health and the environment. Three different concentrations of honey (10%, 20%, and 30%) applied in the wet-aging process for 48 hours were tested, followed by a thermal process and a detailed sensory evaluation. The use of honey as a natural bioactive agent in the wet-aging process of beef significantly improves meat quality, both in terms of physicochemical and sensory attributes, in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting internal color stability, thus offering benefits for consumer acceptability and the development of functional and sustainable food products.
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Research on the Mineral and Vitamin Content of Brown Trout Meat Differentiated Feed
((University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Nistor, Cătălin Emilian; Usturoi, Alexandru; Hoha, Gabriel Vasile; Albu, Aida; Păsărin, Benone
Trout meat is rich in essential minerals and vitamins that contribute to human health. These nutrients are influenced by various factors, including breed, breeding system, season, age, and diet. Taking these factors into account, the aim of this study is to highlight how the quantity and quality of the feed that is supplied have an effect on the mineral and vitamin content of the meat of brown trout. The biological material was represented by 30 specimens of brown trout. At the end of the research, among the analysed minerals, the highest values were found in the case of phosphorus (P), which was in the range of 1775.83-2228.39 g.kg-1, and copper (Cu) was in last place, with average values that varied in the range of 0.65-0.91 g.kg-1. In terms of fat-soluble vitamins present in the meat, the highest concentration was of vitamin E, whereas vitamin D3 exhibited the lowest levels across all batches.
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Impact of Diets Rich in Dairy Foods on Circulating Melatonin Levels and Sleep Quality
(Alma Mater Publishing House "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, 2025) Andronachi, Vasile-Cosmin; Matei, Mădălina; Radu Rusu, Răzvan-Mihail; Lup, Florin-Gheorghe; Simeanu, Daniel
Diet and sleep are two basic components that directly regulate each individual's overall health. Specialized studies increasingly emphasize that the contemporary human population has difficulties in maintaining optimal body health as a result of the sedentary lifestyle, specific to the 3rd millennium, which is characterized by an increasing proportion of work activity under the influence of artificial light. Scientific evidence available in the literature up to the year 2025 shows that both sleep deprivation and poor quality sleep are generally associated with the promotion of cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases. Dairyrich diets are optimal options for improving sleep quality because they are rich in protein and especially tryptophan, an essential amino acid that is the basic precursor involved in the synthesis of melatonin, the hormone responsible for initiating, maintaining and improving sleep quality. This work is a complement to the research initiated by the authors on the development of functional dairy food products that improve quality of life by promoting good quality sleep. The paper contains concrete scientific evidence demonstrating that the type of diet and eating pattern directly influences sleep architecture and sleep quality.
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Nutritional assessment of smoked meat production obtained from farmed and wild European catfish (Silurus glanis)
(Alma Mater Publishing House "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, 2025) Avarvarei, Bogdan-Vlad; Simeanu, Cristina; Dodu, Monica-Angelica; Radu Rusu, Răzvan-Mihail; Măgdici, Emanuel; Simeanu, Daniel
Silurus glanis is a freshwater fish native to Europe and Western Asia. Its meat is highly appreciated by consumers. By smoking it, food products with particularly good sensory qualities are obtained. To carry out this study, comparisons were made between fish originated from aquaculture (A group - Aquaculture group) and from the natural environment (Prut river, Romania) (C group - Capture group). Fillets of the studied fish were smoked and stored at a temperature of +2 °C ÷ +5 °C. The samples were analyzed for sensory and physicochemical traits at 5, 15, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days of storage. The smoked catfish presented particularly good sensory qualities, and the origin of the meat did not significantly influence it. The products were considered optimal for consumption up to 30 days of storage. The chemical analysis revealed moisture loss at the end of the analyzed period by 4.78 % (A) and 4.70 % (C), whilst the dry matter compounds concentrated at a reversed pace, accordingly. The high values for PUFA (34.97 % in A and 30.68 % in C), make smoked European catfish meat an important source of “good fats”, a fact also highlighted by the values of Polyunsaturated Index (33.86 in A and 45.23 in C), Atherogenic Index (0.41 in A and 0.35 in C) and Thrombogenic Index (0.22 in A and 0.27 in C).
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Studies on the Sustainable Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Technical and Agricultural University Education: Benefits Challenge and Future Directions
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Brezuleanu, Mădălina-Maria; Ungureanu, Elena; Zaharia, Raluca-Sînziana; Brezuleanu, Carmen-Olguța
This undertaken study analyzes how students and professors perceive the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in education, in technical and agricultural higher education. At the same time, there were examined the perceived benefits, existing challenges, and future directions for implementation. The research is based on the analysis of a dataset collected through online questionnaires, which provides a detailed perspective on how AI influences technical and agricultural educational processes. The results indicate that perceived AI is predominantly positive, being appreciated for its usefulness in personalizing learning and optimizing evaluation processes, especially in technical fields. Nonetheless, it was noted that educators in technical and agricultural higher education encounter considerable obstacles in adopting this technology owing to insufficient resources, the necessity for further training, and issues associated with its effective incorporation into technical and agricultural educational practices. In this regard, we have developed a series of recommendations to address these contemporary challenges, including the development of sustainable training programs for teachers in technical and agricultural higher education. We proposed to stimulate investments in the technological infrastructure appropriate to the field under study, and last but not least, it is necessary to clearly define the ethical framework for the use of artificial intelligence in student education.
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Partial Results Regarding The Morpho- Productive Evaluation Of The Romanian Trotter -The Energetic Capacity
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Prună, Mihai; Maftei, Marius; Prună, Ana Maria; Vidu, Livia; Dronca, Dorel; Doliș, Marius; Vîrgolici, Alexandru Vladimir; Mărginean, Gheorghe Emil
This study represents another stage of a large-scale research regarding improving the racing performances of the Romanian Trotter. Regarding the productive potential (speed) of the Romanian Trotter, the specialty literature presents some results that highlight the inferior level of this breed compared to its competitors. In order to carry out the analysis of the productive potential of the individuals that make up the reproductive nucleus of the Romanian Trotter, only the productive performances of the native individuals were taken into account. It was analyzed career records (the best performance achieved in the career, expressed in minutes, seconds and hundredths/kilometer) of the entire reproductive nucleus of Romanian Trotter (60 individuals). The results obtained in assessing energetic capacity were then analyzed in accordance with the national standards for appreciation and ranking of Romanian Trotter horse, and in comparison with the results of other authors recorded some time ago (in order to demonstrate progress). The average value of the productive performance, in the reproductive nucleus, was 1’25”77/km. This value does not differ much from that calculated by Velea et al., of 1’25”95.
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Study of the Dynamics of the Main Quality Indicators of Milk Production in A Herd of Dairy Cows Belonging of the Romanian Black Spotted Breed
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Amariții, Gabriela; Neculai-Văleanu, Andra-Sabina; Maciuc, Vasile
The aim of the study is to analyze the dynamic of the main quality indicators of milk production over the period 2023 - 2024 for a herd of dairy cows belonging to the breed Romanian Black Spotted exploited in condition of a farm from NE Romania. The data were obtained from the Official Production Control and were statistically processed using the computer programs SAVC and SPSS 16.00. The mean annual values of the SCC are 202.56 x 103/ml in 2023 respectively 188.09 x103 /ml in 2024. The milk components show variability with season and different THI thresholds so that, milk fat content is lower in 2023’ summer being 3.89% and 3.65% in autumn 2024. The analysis was carried out done from influence of heat stress perspective because it is impacting the milk quality.
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Phenotypic Evaluation of Milk Fat And Protein Traits In Relation To Maternal Ancestry In Two Romanian Cattle Breeds
(Alma Mater Publishing House "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, 2025) Pânzaru, Claudia; Nistor (Anton), Mariana; Davidescu, Mădălina-Alexandra; Doliș, Marius-Gheorghe; Usturoi, Alexandru; Maciuc, Vasile
To assess the phenotypic performance of dairy cattle ancestry, data were analyzed for three direct maternal lines: mother (M.), paternal grandmother (PG.), and maternal grandmother (MG.), as fat and protein (percentage and kg) and combined fat and protein yield (kg). The study involved two Romanian breeds, from two different farms, Bălțată cu negru românească and Bălțată românească; for the first one, the fat and protein contents were as follows: 3.33 ± 0.05 % fat and 3.28 ± 0.02 % protein for M., 4.08 ± 0.11 % fat and 0.00 % protein for PM., and 3.16 ± 0.14% fat and 3.23 ± 0.05% protein for MG. In Bălțată românească’s case, the values were: 3.99 ± 0.07 % fat and 3.46 ± 0.07 % protein for M., 4.14 ± 0.06 % fat and 3.55 ± 0.07 % protein for PG., and 3.97 ± 0.17 % fat and 3.32 ± 0.05 % protein for MG. On average, BR, the mothers produced 208.9 kg of fat and 167.1 kg of protein per lactation, while BNR cows produced 199.4 kg of fat and 160.2 kg of protein. At the grandparental level, maternal grandmothers of BR cows produced on average 207.2 kg fat and 165.9 kg protein, while paternal grandmothers produced 210.3 kg fat and 168.4 kg protein; in the BNR population, maternal grandmothers produced 198.1 kg fat and 159.6 kg protein, while paternal grandmothers produced 200.8 kg fat and 161.3 kg protein. The ancestry in the farm that raises BR, originated from imported Fleckvieh genetics, contributing to superior performance.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Research on Milk Production in Murciano-Granadina Goats under Different Farming Condition
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Marinică, Laura; Nadolu, Dorina; Anghel, Andreea Hortanse; Pascal, Constantin
The Murciano-Granadina breed, known for its remarkable milk production, is attracting increasing interest in Romania due to its ability to provide high quality milk throughout the year (deseasoned). The present study aims to follow the evolution of milk production in 150 goats of the Muciano-Granadina breed, included in the pure-bred breeding program of the Genealogical Register of the breed. The milk production of the 150 goats from three farms with different rearing systems, traditionally modernized in lot 1 (in Vaslui County), intensive in lot 2 (in Timiș County) and semi-intensive in lot 3 (in Călărași County) was followed over five years (2020-2024), highlighting the productive potential under different rearing and nutrition conditions. The results indicate a variation in average milk production for the 5 years analyzed of 237.68 kg/257.96 lactation days in the semi-intensive system, 301.04 kg/267.4 lactation days in the modernized traditional system and 474.36 kg/281.92 lactation days in the intensive system. Irrespective of the farming system, the milk production of Murciano-Granadina goats is lower in the specific geo-climatic conditions of our country than in the subtropical and temperate Mediterranean climates.
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The Effect of Administration of A Vitamin-Mineral Complex on the Growth Process in Young Kakakul of Botoşani Sheep
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Pascal, Constantin; Simeanu, Daniel; Pânzaru, Claudia; Radu Rusu, Răzvan-Mihail; Marian, Alexandru-Marian ; Nechifor, Ionică
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of administering a vitamin and mineral supplement on the growth and body development of young sheep. The biological material consisted of two groups (L1 and L2) of young ewes, and the experimental factor was the supplementary administration of the vitamin-mineral complex (VM), given only to the L2 group. At the time of breeding, the live weight in L2 was 4.67% higher compared to L1 (P ≤ 0.001). Evaluation of body condition showed that VM supplementation did not have a significant influence but directly contributed to better body development in L2. For croup height, chest circumference, body width, chest depth, and croup length, the statistical differences between the groups were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001). In L1, the proportion of non-pregnant and aborted maiden ewes was higher (20% vs. 12%).
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Growth Performance and Body Parameters Evaluation In Young Female Sheep From The Meat Line
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Florea, Alexandru-Marian; Nechifor, Ionică; Nechifor, Bogdan-Ioan; Țurcanu, Ioana; Boldișor, Ana; Nechifor, Daniel-Constantin; Maciuc, Vasile; Pascal, Constantin
The research conducted aimed to evaluate the growth intensity of a population of crossbred sheep resulting from the crossing of Karakul of Botoșani breed females with Palas meat breed rams. For this purpose, two experimental groups were established, one consisting of young crossbred sheep females and the other of young females belonging to the Karakul of Botoșani breed. Both groups benefited from the same maintenance conditions and the same experimental treatment. The research was carried out during 2024, the young females being of similar age. The results obtained highlight the fact that although, at birth, the group consisting of lambs of the Karakul of Botoșani breed had an average weight higher than that of the crossbred females, the latter reach the age of 1 year to have, on average, 12 kg more than the Karakul of Botoșani ones. The results obtained are important and relevant both for activities aimed at obtaining meat production and for farms producing reproductive material. Young sheep is very important in the sheep herd as the improvement and consolidation of future generations of sheep depends on them.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Comparative Study on the Intensive Fattening of Palas Merino Lambs and Palas Merino × Palas Meat Breed Hybrids
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Vartic, Alexandru-Gabriel; Neacșu, Corneliu-Ion; Zamfir, Camelia-Zoia; Enciu, Ana; Dordescu Preșa, Oana-Corina; Vicovan, Petru-Gabriel; Pascal, Constantin
Given the rising interest in sheep meat, this study aims to explore fattening technologies and improve meat production by crossing local breeds with specialized meat breeds. Research was conducted at R.D.I.S.G.B. Palas-Constanța to test the fattening performance of F1 hybrids (Palas Meat Breed x Palas Merino) compared to Palas Merino lambs. Two groups were intensively fattened for 100 days using granular feed with 87.9% dry matter, 2570 kcal, and 16% digestible crude protein. Initial body weights were similar (20.48-22.78 kg), with no significant differences (p<0.05). At the end, body weights ranged from 36.14 kg to 45.07 kg, with hybrids weighing 24.71% more (p<0.01). Average daily gain was 157-223 g, 42.04% higher in hybrids. Specific energy and protein consumption were 27.66% and 27.54% lower, respectively, in the F1 hybrid group. Conformation and constitution indices were superior in hybrids compared to Palas Merino lambs.
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The Effect of Crossbreeding Prolific Palas Ewes with Rouge De L`Ouest and Texel Rams on Improving the Quantity and Quality of Carcasses for Lambs Subjected to Fattening
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Vartic, Alexandru-Gabriel; Neacșu, Corneliu-Ion; Zamfir, Camelia-Zoia; Enciu, Ana; Dordescu Preșa, Oana-Corina; Vicovan, Petru-Gabriel; Pascal, Constantin
This study evaluates the performance of F1 hybrids obtained by crossbreeding Rouge de L’Ouest x Prolific Palas and Texel x Prolific Palas breeds under controlled fattening conditions, compared to the purebred Prolific Palas sheep. The results demonstrate the clear superiority of the F1 hybrids in several key performance indicators: enhanced daily weight gain, improved feed conversion efficiency, higher slaughter yield, and a favorable carcass tissue composition characterized by increased meat content and reduced bone proportion. Additionally, the F1 hybrids showed a significant advantage in the thigh muscle index, recording values 14.5-17.3% higher than those of the Prolific Palas breed. The findings align with the diversity of high-performance meat breeds and hybrids present within the European Union, including 42 breeds and 7 hybrids in the United Kingdom, as well as numerous specialized breeds in countries such as Spain, France, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. These results underscore the potential of hybrid breeding strategies to enhance meat production efficiency and carcass quality in sheep farming systems.
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The Study of DDGS as Food Component for Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio)
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Dănciug Rotaru, Mălina-Andreea; Tihiniuc Popa, B.P.; Păsărin, Benone
Dried distillers grains with solubles(DDGS), is a product from the ethalon production sector that is effectively used in feed for cattle and pigs because of its relatively high protein and nutrient value and lower cost that grains. The purpose of this research was to determine the best DDGS level that could be added to the diet of common carp. A six-week trial was conducted with common carp starting at a weight of 84 g, using three test diets:P0 (0%), P1 (25%) and P2 (35%). The chemical makeup of DDGS examined with Fourier Transform Near-Infrared spectroscopy revealed a protein level of 28.45% and oil content of 5.86%. the diets containing DDGS did not lead to notable changes in growth measures and meat quality. In terms of oxidative state in the muscle tissue, P1 and P2 significantly decreased, in a dose-dependent way, the specific activity of SOD and GSH, while CAT and GPX remained unchanged. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of substituting sunflower meal with DDGS in the common carp diet on key growth measures, meat quality, and oxidative stress.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
The Impact of Using Oleogel And Buckwheat Flour On The Properties Of Semi-Smoked Sausages
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Bobeică, Roxana-Georgiana; Neculai Văleanu, Andra-Sabina; Hoha, Gabriel; Nistor, Emilian-Cătălin; Păsărin, Benone
Semi-smoked sausages are a valued food product in Romania, but their high fat content raises significant public health concerns. This study proposes an innovative solution by replacing pork fat with oleogel and adding buckwheat flour, aiming to improve the physicochemical, organoleptic, technological, and functional properties of the product, thus offering a healthier and nutritionally balanced alternative.Oleogel, used as a substitute for animal fat, represents a modern alternative with the potential to reduce the saturated fat content in meat products. Through its structure, oleogel ensures a texture similar to traditional fat, contributing to the maintenance of desired organoleptic properties, such as juiciness and aroma. Additionally, the use of buckwheat flour adds functional benefits due to its rich content of fiber, proteins, and bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. This combination promises an improvement not only in nutritional value but also in the stability and safety of the product. The study analyzes the impact of these changes on the main characteristics of semi-smoked sausages, such as texture, color, aroma, and technological behavior during processing and storage. The obtained results could contribute to the development of healthier meat products, tailored to current consumer demands, without compromising their quality or acceptability. This approach opens new perspectives in the food industry, promoting innovation and sustainability in food production.
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Studies on the Effect of Phytoadditives on Growth Performance and Meat Quality in Broiler Chickens
(Alma Mater Publishing House "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, 2025) Ungureanu, Irina; Radu Rusu, Răzvan-Mihail; Rațu, Roxana-Nicoleta; Usturoi, Alexandru; Usturoi, Marius-Giorgi
both for its nutritional value and for its specific sensory properties. For a long time, the preservation of the health of birds and the improvement of growth indicators were achieved through the administration of antibiotics, a technique highly contested due to their residue in finished products. Against the backdrop of these issues, various plant-based products (phytoadditives) have emerged, credited with multiple roles, from improving immunity and digestion efficiency to reducing the action of predominant pathogens and even mitigating the environmental impact of animal farming. The purpose of this study is to create a centralized overview of the effects generated by the available phytogenic additives, for their inclusion in specific bird diets with the aim of improving the quantitative and qualitative aspects of meat production.
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Factors Influencing the Quality Of Turkey Meat
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Simion, Marinela-Elena; Rațu, Roxana-Nicoleta; Usturoi, Alexandru; Radu Rusu, Răzvan-Mihail; Usturoi, Marius-Giorgi
Genetic, technological, nutritional, and breeding factors influence the quality of turkey meat. In terms of its biochemical composition, turkey meat is characterized by a high protein content and a favourable ratio between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, which makes it a valuable nutritional source. Also, turkey meat is lower in fat compared to other types of meat. Regarding the quality of turkey meat, it varies depending on the anatomical part used (breast and thighs) and has distinct nutritional values. Processing factors, storage temperature, and post-mortem pH of the meat affect sensory properties such as texture, taste, and colour. Improving the quality of turkey meat involves optimizing growing conditions, as well as correctly managing the slaughtering and preservation processes to prevent damage to organoleptic characteristics and food safety.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Red Pepper: Nutritional Value, Carotenoids, Antioxidant Capacity, And Its Use in Broiler Diet
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Ungureanu, Irina; Rațu, Roxana-Nicoleta; Usturoi, Alexandru; Radu Rusu, Răzvan-Mihail; Usturoi, Marius-Giorgi
Red pepper is a widely consumed vegetable, renowned for its impressive nutritional profile and significant health benefits, especially for its high content of vitamins and antioxidants. With a rich content of vitamin and essential carotenoid, red pepper plays a vital role in supporting immune function, improving iron absorption, and maintaining skin and eye health. The abundant carotenoid content of red peppers, which includes compounds such as capsanthin and capsorubin and gives the vegetables their characteristic red colour, significantly contributes to their antioxidant capacity. By effectively combating free radicals, these carotenoids lower the oxidative stress and inflammatory variables linked to the onset of chronic illnesses. Although there are many health benefits linked to consumption, there are still debates over their magnitude and the ways in which they work. Ongoing research continues to explore the bioavailability of carotenoids and their potential interactions with other dietary components, as well as the optimal ways to incorporate red pepper into various diets, both for its nutritional benefits and especially for improving the colour of meat in broiler.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Canine Obesity: A Case Study of Rottweilers And The Impact Of Dietary Modification
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Petrescu, Silvia-Ioana; Radu Rusu, Cristina-Gabriela; Matei, Mădălina; Lăpușneanu, Dragoș-Mihai; Pop, Ioan-Mircea
Obesity is a disease that is increasingly recognised as a threat to pets, and organisations have been formed to raise awareness and prevent weight gain in dogs and cats. One of the breeds most affected by obesity is the Rottweiler, with studies confirming that obesity is the second most common disease in this breed. In the current study, a group of eight female Rottweilers from northern Romania were examined medically and nutritionally. The monitored females of the Rottweiler breed were divided into two categories according to the modification of the nutritional plan; therefore, for the first group of four females, both the type of food and the amount of food given were modified, and for the second group of females, the type of food was maintained, but the amount of food given daily was reduced. The study highlights that both reducing daily calorie intake and the use of specialized foods can be effective solutions for managing excess weight
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Microbiological Safety Assessment of Some Raw Materials Used in Compound Feed Production
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 2025) Lăpușneanu, Dragoș-Mihai; Petrescu, Silvia-Ioana; Davidescu, Mădălina-Alexandra; Radu Rusu, Cristina-Gabriela; Matei, Mădălina; Pop, Ioan-Mircea
The aim of this study was to microbiologically asses some raw materials (maize and wheat) from a representative feed mill in Romania, in two consecutive years, both for the raw materials received and for those in the unit's stock; the microbiological contaminants that were analyzed were yeasts and molds. Regarding the maize samples taken upon receipt in first year, it was found that 90.9% had positive results, with an average value of 2600.8 cfu/g; in second year the proportion of positive samples was 84.3%, with an average value of 2132.5 cfu/g. Of the total wheat samples taken in first year upon reception, 89.1% were positive, with an average value of 2554.8 cfu/g; in second year the proportion of positive samples increased, reaching 93.3%, with an average value of 2171.4 cfu/g. The application of all measures capable of preventing contamination prevented the contaminated batches from entering the production process, while avoiding the possibility of contamination of other batches of raw materials and finished products (compound feed).

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