2025

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.iuls.ro/handle/20.500.12811/6063

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The impact of farm size on veterinary health strategies and disease incidence in calves: a quantitative research within the romanian cattle livestock sector
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Răducanu, E.; Sitaru, M.F.; Ștefan Vasiliu, Roxana-Elena; Vidu, L.
This study investigates the influence of farm size on veterinary health strategies and the incidence of calf diseases in Romanian dairy cattle farms. Based on data collected through a structured questionnaire, the research highlights notable differences in disease prevalence and preventive practices across small, medium and large farms sizes. One of the key findings indicates that navel hygiene practices are consistently applied across all farms, regardless of farm size. In contrast, the incidence of enteritis and respiratory diseases shows a significant association with farm size in dairy cattle. Medium and large-sized farms demonstrated higher variability in enteritis occurrence, while small farms reported a statistically higher incidence of respiratory conditions in calves aged 0–3 months (p=0.013). Preventive practices such as deworming and vaccination were not significantly influenced by farm dimension. Preventive deworming was reported by 60% of farmers, and approximately one-third of the respondents vaccinated calves against major diseases, regardless of farm size. These findings underscore the importance of adapting health management strategies to the specific needs of each production system, while also suggesting that certain preventive practices may be uniformly adopted across farms, irrespective of their size
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
The monitoring environmental conditions and the health status of fish material in a fish farming – Brăila county
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Crăescu, D.E.; Tenciu, M.; Dima, F.M.
This study aims to analyze the environmental conditions and the health status of the fish material from the fishery arrangement, located in Brăila County. The study was conducted from April 2023 to March 2024 and included measurements of the physico-chemical characteristics of the water, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient concentrations, including nitrogen and phosphorus. The examination of the fish pathology of carp revealed specific lesions of erythrodermata, pale gills, and the presence of myxospordia in one of the examined fish. This research highlights the importance of continuous monitoring of environmental conditions and the health of fish to prevent potential ecological and economic associated with fishery practices. Regardless of the quantitative structure and seasonal diversity, their low values indicate a reduced food source for the fish in this aquatic ecosystem
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Natural growth promoters: the role of phytobiotics in poultry production
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Cojocariu, L.C.; Balmuș, I.M.; Usturoi, Alexandru; Lazăr, Mircea; Usturoi, Marius-Giorgi; Radu Rusu, Răzvan-Mihail
Global demand for poultry is rising, necessitating efficient and sustainable production techniques. The intensive poultry industry used to rely heavily on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). When added to feed at subtherapeutic levels, these chemicals were effective in improving growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and overall flock health by reducing subclinical illnesses and altering gut microbiota. However, because of the widespread and often negligent use of AGPs in animal agriculture, there were raised significant public health concerns regarding the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria interfering human health. The European Union spearheaded this trend by completely banning the use of AGPs in animal feed in 2006. This decision was followed by many other countries, including the United States. In Canada and other Asian nations, the use of AGP has been limited or phased out completely. This global ban has spurred a rush of research into safe, natural, and effective alternatives to protect poultry health and productivity without worsening the AMR pandemic. Phytobiotics have emerged as one of the most promising and thoroughly researched categories of possibilities. They are referred to as phytogenics or herbal remedies, compounds derived from vegetal organisms that are incorporated into diets of animals in order to improve performance, health, and well-being. The diverse range of bioactive compounds in phytbiotics offers several benefits, from improving gastrointestinal functionality and nutrient utilization for boosting immune system performance and stress reduction, all of which ultimately contribute to the production of safe and superior poultry products
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Reproductive performance of Brună de Maramures cattle in sub-carpathian Romania
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Roșu, S.D.; Mărginean, G.E.; Enea, D.N. ; Marin, M.P.; Răducanu, E.; Nicolae, C.G.; Pîrvan, A.E.; Vidu, Livia
The present study aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance of Brown Swiss cattle (Bruna de Maramures) raised in three sub-Carpathian counties of Romania: Arges, Dâmbovita, and Prahova. A total of 2017–2023 farm records were analyzed, focusing on key reproductive parameters such as age at first calving, calving interval, days open, and service per conception. Data were processed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and standard error of the mean), and comparisons were performed both at farm and county level. Results highlighted significant differences between farms and counties, with some herds maintaining reproductive intervals closer to the optimal thresholds, while others showed prolonged calving intervals and increased services per conception. These findings emphasize the need for improved management strategies and targeted interventions in order to enhance reproductive efficiency and ensure the sustainable development of Brown Swiss cattle farming in the region.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Sustainable management practices and their impact on the behaviour of game species
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Crăciunaș, T.; Munteanu, M.; Tîrziu, D.; Ciobanu, Marius-Mihai; Boișteanu, Paul-Corneliu
The aim of this paper was to assess the impact of sustainable management practices on the ethology of game fauna, by analyzing the specialized literature. The method used consisted of reviewing relevant studies, selected from international scientific sources, that addressed the concepts of game resource management, sustainability principles and associated effects on the behaviour of species of interest. The results of the analysis highlighted the fact that the applied management practices, such as food management, habitat management, species management and predator control, have a direct impact on the behaviour of game fauna, influencing distribution, feeding behaviour, reproductive strategies and social interactions. Also, numerical fluctuations of populations, determined by natural or anthropogenic factors, can be balanced by applying sustainable measures, focused on the precautionary principle and habitat conservation. The analysis showed that habitat loss and fragmentation, pollution and illegal trade remain major risk factors, requiring adapted interventions.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
The use of exogenous enzyme in meat tenderness: current pattern - review
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Sandu, A.G.; Murariu, Otilia-Cristina; Ciobanu, Marius-Mihai; Anchidin, Bianca; Boișteanu, Paul-Corneliu
The texture of the meat reckons on many factors and is mutually dependent on the post-mortem period (natural aging - keeping the meat at refrigeration temperatures for a few days or weeks), a process that allows the meat to become tender under the action of proteolytic enzymes inside the cells. The emphasis of these enzymes involves glycolytic activity, a process that involves the metabolism of glycogen producing lactic acid and causing a decrease in muscle ph. Among the most important enzymes involved in the meat maturation process mentioned in the literature are the calpain- calpastatin system and the cathepsin-cystatin system. Meat aging by exogenous enzymes involves the use of plant-derived proteolytic enzymes. Over time, several proteolytic enzymes of plant origin have been used which have the potential to improve meat texture. Among the most commonly used are papaya (from papaya), bromelain (from pineapple), zingibin (from ginger), ficin (from figs/fruit), and actidine (from kiwifruit). The use of exogenous enzymes is of real importance for obtaining high- quality products that meet consumer standards for tenderness in meat products due to their technological properties
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
The role of the biologically active preparation in optimizing spermatogenesis in breeding boars
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Cibotaru, E.; Darie, G.; Djenjera, I.; Rotari, S.
The study aimed to evaluate the role of a complex biologically active preparation in optimizing spermatogenesis in breeding boars. The results showed an increase in ejaculate volume in the experimental group (202.5 ± 29.5 ml compared to 168.0 ± 8.5 ml in the control group), as well as an improvement in the qualitative parameters of the semen. Specifically, the percentage of motile spermatozoa increased to 92.4 ± 0.4% compared to 92.0 ± 0.4% in the control group. Additionally, a significant increase in the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa was observed (72.3 ± 2.8% in the experimental group versus 65.3 ± 2.9% in the control group). Furthermore, the proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa was higher in the experimental group (78.3 ± 2.9%) than in the control group (69.8 ± 3.4%). Thus, the administration of the complex biologically active preparation optimized the spermatogenesis process in breeding boars by increasing ejaculate volume and improving qualitative parameters (motility, progressive motility, and normal morphology), indicating its potential benefit in supporting reproductive capacity.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Study on the color profile of farm-raised versus wild pheasant meat
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Bololoi Bordei, I.Ș.; Toma, I.F.; Moise, A.E.; Vlad, Ș.T.; Ianițchi, D.; Marin, M.P.; Nicolae, C.G.
The study presents a comparison of the color profile of pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) meat from farmed and wild individuals. The analyses were performed using the CIE Lab system, focusing on parameters such as lightness (L), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*). The results revealed differences between the two groups: wild pheasant meat presented lower L* values and higher a* values, indicating a darker and more intense reddish color. These variations are associated with natural feeding and increased physical activity, which influence muscle pigmentation and myoglobin content. The study highlights the relationship between the rearing system and the color of pheasant meat. Different rearing methods lead to variations in hue and intensity, aspects that directly affect both consumer perception and the commercial value of the product
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Melatonin and phytomelatonin used as bioactive substances in animal and human nutrition
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Andronachi, V.C.; Matei, Mădălina; Radu Rusu, Cristina-Gabriela; Vintilă, V.; Pop, Mircea-Ioan; Simeanu, Daniel
Nutrition and diet are two essential components for maintaining optimal health and life for the entire body, and proper nutrition, combined with good quality sleep, are two factors generally associated with promoting a healthy and balanced lifestyle. Sleep is a natural physiological phenomenon that serves to maintain the entire body in a state of rest necessary for recuperation and for the synchronization of most physiological, metabolic, and biological processes, which generally occur at a lower or higher intensity under the influence of the photoperiod. Melatonin is a biochemical compound produced by the pineal gland of vertebrates, with the purpose of acting as a biological signal, informing the body about the type of photoperiod in the external environment, and stimulating the onset of sleep. In this review paper, we conducted a detailed analysis of melatonin, based on a selection of a total of 80 bibliographic sources from the specialized literature, starting with the first evidence reported in 1917, which provided clues about the existence of this substance, and ending with the most recent information documented up to 2025, which highlights the importance of melatonin in nature through the roles and functions it performs in living organisms.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Studies on the quality of food products enriched with buckwheat, basil and sunflower oil
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Bobeică, Roxana-Georgiana; Roșca Parfenie, Elena-Oana; Hoha, Gabriel; Nistor, Cătălin-Emilian; Păsărin, Benone
This study investigates the impact of adding buckwheat and basil on the quality of food products formulated with sunflower. The research focuses on the chemical, functional, and sensory characteristics of the products, with the objective of demonstrating how these ingredients contribute to the creation of modern functional foods. Buckwheat is a pseudocereal rich in flavonoids, fiber, and high-biological-value proteins, known for its antioxidant properties and its contribution to improving the nutritional profile of food preparations. Basil, through its essential oils, provides a significant contribution of bioactive compounds with a protective effect against oxidative processes, as well as a highly appreciated aromatic profile. Sunflower oil, rich in vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids, offers important nutritional benefits but shows lower oxidative stability. In contrast, rapeseed oil has a balanced fatty acid profile and higher resistance to degradation processes, which makes it suitable for functional formulations. By combining buckwheat and basil with these oils, products with superior nutritional value, improved stability, and increased sensory acceptability can be obtained. The study confirms the potential of these combinations in the modern food industry and outlines future directions for the development of innovative, healthier products adapted to the demands of contemporary consumers.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Evaluation of some indices of beef contamination
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Modvala, S.; Golban, R.; Caraman, C.
Beef contamination can occur at multiple points along the production chain: during animal rearing (via feed, water, or environment), in slaughterhouses (through improper handling or unclean equipment), or during transport and storage [3]. The determination of these contamination indicators is essential for assessing food safety risks and for implementing effective preventive measures. Microscopic analysis of the number of cocci bacteria in beef samples, in accordance with international standards for meat freshness assessment [2,5], reveals significant differences among the three processing halls examined. Regarding surface microflora, the meat from Hall 3, with 9.00 cocci per microscopic field, falls into the "fresh meat" category, indicating minimal microbial load. On the contrary, meat from Halls 1 - 18.33 and 2 - 14.00 cocci per microscopic field shows a higher degree of contamination and is classified as "less fresh meat," suggesting the onset of microbial spoilage, though still within the limits considered acceptable for consumption
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Rosehip tea as a phytogenic additive in broilers drinking water - a review
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Stătescu, M.; Petrescu, Silvia-Ioana; Pop, Mircea-Ioan; Boișteanu, Paul-Corneliu
The welfare and productive performance of broiler chickens are influenced by a number of nutritional, microclimatic, and immunological factors that affect nitrogen metabolism, renal function, and intestinal health. Phytotherapy, through the administration of plant substances with antioxidant effects, is a promising strategy for supporting poultry health. This study synthesizes information on the phytochemical composition and biological properties of rosehip extract (Rosa canina), with a focus on its administration in the drinking water of broilers. Active compounds such as vitamin C, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids have antioxidant and antibacterial potential, which can modulate the intestinal microbiota, reduce oxidative stress, and influence nitrogen metabolism, with indirect effects on ammonia emissions. Studies indicate that rosehip tea administration may contribute to maintaining renal function and normal nitrogen excretion, being a natural and safe option for sustainable poultry meat production. Further research is needed to optimize the dose and form of administration, evaluate the impact on productive performance, and elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which the active compounds influence the health and welfare of broilers.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Composition of domestic rabbit carcasses and meat
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Mardari, T.
The major morphological components of the domestic rabbit carcass are muscle tissue (muscle, tendons, ligaments, fascia, and aponeuroses) and bones. The research was aimed at assessing the morphological parts of the carcasses and the chemical composition of domestic rabbit meat. The analysis of meat samples was carried out on the laboratory apparatus "Cagle Labs" of German production for each separate meat sample, making three measurements for each sample. The weight of the studied rabbit carcasses ranged from 1.77 to 3.46 kg/carcass, the muscle weight was between 49.7-73.81% of the carcass weight, the bones - 17.5-29.29%, the meat/bone ratio, for small carcasses - 2.71/1, for medium carcasses - 3.41/1, for large carcasses - 3.94/1, in the meat of the domestic rabbits taken into the study an average protein content of 20.14%, fat 3.11%, moisture 78.96%
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Rabbits and their products
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Lazăr, R.N.; Pătruică, S.; Rășinar, A.D.; Simiz, E.
Rabbit husbandry constitutes a specialized field within animal science with considerable potential, owing to the nutritional and economic value of its derived products. The objective of this study is to examine the valorization pathways of rabbit products, with emphasis on meat, pelts, angora fiber, and manure. The analysis draws upon scientific literature, statistical databases, and comparative assessments of production and consumption patterns at both European and national levels. Findings indicate that rabbit meat represents a high-quality dietary resource, characterized by low fat and cholesterol content, while pelts and angora fiber provide valuable raw materials for the textile industry. In addition, rabbit manure demonstrates significant agronomic utility as an organic fertilizer. Market trends and future perspectives of rabbit farming in Romania are also discussed, highlighting the increasing demand for sustainable and health-oriented animal products. The study concludes that rabbit production holds strategic relevance for the diversification of animal husbandry and for the socio-economic development of rural communities.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Feeding and territorial behavior of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in submontane habitats
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Crăciunaș, T.; Munteanu, M.; Ciobanu, Marius-Mihai; Boișteanu, Paul-Corneliu
The aim of this study was to investigate the feeding and territorial behavior of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in submontane habitats, integrating field observations with data from the specialized literature. The method involved reviewing relevant studies and analyzing information provided by hunting fund managers regarding seasonal movements, social structure, feeding patterns, and responses to anthropogenic disturbances. Results showed that feeding behavior is highly seasonal, with a preference for grasses and young shoots in summer and reliance on supplemental feeding during winter. Territoriality is most pronounced in males during the rutting period (September– October), with social structures varying seasonally: females form herds with calves, while males are solitary or move in small groups outside the rut. Abiotic factors such as snow cover, temperature, and wind, as well as biotic factors like food availability, strongly influence movement patterns and habitat use. Management practices, including controlled artificial feeding, habitat protection, and modern monitoring techniques (GPS tracking, camera traps, motion sensors), were found to mitigate anthropogenic pressures and preserve natural behavior. These findings highlight the importance of integrating ethological observations with habitat and management data to support sustainable conservation of red deer populations in submontane environments.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Study of renal pathologies and the implications of renal function in the homeostasis of birds
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Stătescu, M.; Petrescu, Silvia-Ioana; Mălăncuș, Răzvan-Nicolae; Boișteanu, Paul-Corneliu
Renal pathologies in birds are an area of major interest in avian medicine, with direct implications for health and productive performance. The anatomical and physiological characteristics of the excretory system make it difficult to assess renal function, as urine sampling is not feasible in practice. Thus, blood biochemical analyses are the main method of ante-mortem diagnosis, being used to identify hyperuricemia, gout, nitrogen metabolism disorders, and other renal pathologies, but also to monitor physiological status on poultry farms. However, most kidney diseases are detected late, most often post-mortem, through morphohistological examination. Undetected kidney diseases cause significant disturbances in nitrogen metabolism, with a direct impact on homeostasis, and on morbidity and mortality at the herd level. In this context, phytotherapy emerges as a valuable adjuvant strategy, helping to support the growing organism and optimize hydration. This paper provides a summary of the latest data on renal physiology in birds and associated pathologies, with a focus on species of economic interest, such as the ROSS 308 broiler. The role of serum biomarkers in assessing renal function, current prevention strategies, and the research directions needed to implement solutions adapted to intensive farming systems are highlighted.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Consumer evaluation of the quality attributes and acceptability of hybrid meat-based products
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Bobeică, Roxana-Georgiana; Roșca Parfenie, Elena-Oana; Hoha, Gabriel; Nistor, Cătălin-Emilian; Păsărin, Benone
In the current food industry, a key emerging trend is the partial replacement of animal-based protein with plant-based protein in meat products. This study aimed to evaluate the acceptability and quality of these innovative products by analyzing consumer behavior. The study was conducted over a period of 30 days on a sample of 150 participants. The results revealed a clear consumer profile: most consumers are from urban areas, have higher education, and are predominantly women. It was observed that lifestyle and residential environment significantly influence consumer preferences. The study concludes that consumers demonstrate openness to hybrid products, with their preference being conditioned by sensory attributes (taste, texture, and appearance) - all essential elements for ensuring an experience similar to traditional meat preparations. A better understanding of these factors allows manufacturers to develop products that better meet market expectations. This trend suggests that the hybrid products market has significant growth potential, fueled by consumer demand for healthier and more sustainable alternatives.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Research on the evolution of sensory parameters of three types of pork sausages commercialized on the Iași municipality market
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Roșca Parfenie, Elena-Oana; Tihiniuc Popa, B.P.; Păsărin, Benone; Nistor, Cătălin-Emilian
Due to the interest in safe and healthy nutrition, the assessment of food quality, safety, and wholesomeness has become a very important field. Processed meat products, thanks to the advantage of being ready-to-eat without the need for further preparation, are among the most highly consumed products and also have a high nutritional value. Therefore, the sensory examination of processed meats is used to assess the degree of freshness and wholesomeness, as well as their sensory properties, measured by human senses using various objective methods. In this context, the present study presents the results of the sensory examination of three types of processed meats (fresh sausages, semi-smoked sausages, and dry-cured sausages), evaluated using the scoring scale method. The technique is based on evaluating each sensory characteristic (appearance, color, taste, smell, consistency) of the three types of pork products by comparing them to a scoring scale and obtaining an average score. Depending on their state of freshness, pork products can be categorized as: fresh, relatively fresh, and spoiled. It was found that the dry-cured sausages exhibit the best characteristics compared to the semi-smoked and fresh ones.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
On the pure muscular and connective components proportions in pork produced by four swine genotypes
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Casapu, A.A.; Hoha, Gabriel; Păsărin, Benone
Meat texture is a major determinant of consumer satisfaction, influenced by factors such as muscle structure, connective tissue, and intramuscular fat. It shapes perceptions of tenderness, juiciness, and overall quality. Histological analysis-microscopic evaluation of muscle fibers, fascicles, and connective tissue-is used to assess meat quality and verify authenticity. Texture is affected by genetics, age, feeding, pre-slaughter handling, anatomical location, and post-slaughter processes such as aging and cooking. The study aimed to determine how genetic origin affects the histological structure and, subsequently, the texture of pork in three economically valuable cuts: Loin (Longissimus dorsi), Sirloin (Psoas major), Ham (Semimembranosus). Four pig genetic groups were tested: L – Landrace (control); LD – Landrace × Duroc; LY – Landrace × Yorkshire; LDY – Landrace × Duroc × Yorkshire. Muscle samples were collected from 10 carcasses per group (after 48 h chilling) and processed using a standard paraffin embedding histological protocol. Microscopy measurements included: myocyte (muscle fiber) diameter, circumference, area, 1st-order muscle fascicle area, proportion of muscle tissue vs. connective stroma. Genetic origin significantly (p<0.001) influences muscle histology and thus meat quality. Across all three cuts, the LDY and LY (Landrace × Yorkshire) groups consistently showed higher muscle fiber density, lower connective tissue content, more favorable muscle: connective tissue ratios. LD produced thick muscle fibers and larger fascicles but not necessarily optimal tenderness due to higher connective tissue. Pure Landrace (L) showed the least favorable tissue profile: highest connective stroma and lowest muscle proportion. Therefore, among the tested variants, the best overall genetic options for high-quality pork are the LDY and LY hybrids, based on their optimized histological structure for consumer-preferred tenderness, juiciness, and processing efficiency.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Assessment of the physicochemical changes and proximate composition of traditionally produced 'Mușchi Țigănesc' during the maturation period
(“Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, 2025) Roșca Parfenie, Elena-Oana; Păsărin, Benone; Bobeică, Roxana-Georgiana; Tihiniuc Popa, B.P.
In contrast to industrially obtained products, pork meat specialties manufactured according to traditional recipes are considered by consumers to be a healthier and more authentic choice. The preference for these products is based on their superior sensory qualities and a nutritional profile perceived as more beneficial to the human body. The physicochemical examination of ‘Mușchi țigănesc' is employed to assess the safety and wholesomeness of the product throughout its shelf-life, using principles and methods based on laboratory analyses. This study aimed to track the dynamics of physicochemical changes in the ‘Mușchi țigănesc' product during its maturation period (days 1, 20, and 40). The objective of the study was to characterize the maturation process and to evaluate the stability and quality of the final product. The content of water, mineral substances, protein, lipids, and nitrogen-free extractives was analyzed. The results indicated a gradual and controlled decrease in moisture content, from 46.49% on day 1 to 43.92% on day 40. This dehydration process led to a concentration of the other components, with the protein content increasing from 21.04% to 21.98% and the lipid content from 27.63% to 28.13%

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