2026

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.iuls.ro/handle/20.500.12811/6939

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listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Evaluation of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Grafting Performance by Optimizing Methods and Execution Periods Using TOPSIS Multicriteria Analysis
(MDPI, 2026-06-17) Zlati, Cristina; Pașcu, Roxana; Florea, Marius; Dascălu, Marius; Pătrașcu Sonea, Andromeda-Cristina; Istrate, Mihai
Walnut multiplication technology for obtaining high-quality planting material consists of grafting, followed by forcing bionts in protected spaces under controlled microclimatic conditions, and completed by acclimatization under field conditions. The present research substantiates the hypothesis that the use of protected spaces (polyethylene tunnels) enables rigorous control of limiting factors. The main objectives of the paper are the comparative evaluation of two grafting methods (chip and patch budding) on the grafting success of eight native genotypes (‘Anica’, ‘Grădinar’, ‘Miroslava’, and ‘Velnița’, ‘Bălțăți’, ‘Belcești’, ‘Săbăuani’, and ‘Șorogari’) grafted on ‘Bălțați’ local biotype, determining the optimal moment of grafting by identifying the time window (April vs. August) that maximizes the success rate of the grafting association. The study, carried out from 2022 to 2024, evaluated the performance of chip and patch budding executed under high-tunnel conditions, quantifying the scion/rootstock growth, callus formation, and anatomical symbiont similarity through cross-sectional microscopy and image analysis software to measure vessel number, density, and diameter; the results are presented as the mean values of three annual repetitions across the experimental period. Preliminary results indicate a superior efficiency of the chip budding method, with a 51.3% success rate compared to 32.9% for the patch budding method. Another objective of the study was the ranking of the experimental variants. Thus, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a multi-criteria decision analysis method, ranked the experimental variants and identified the chip budding performed in April (variant a1/b2) as the optimal solution across all analyzed physiological and morphological parameters. These findings are highly significant for the nursery sector, as they demonstrate that transitioning from unpredictable field conditions to controlled high-tunnel conditions stabilizes production outcomes. By establishing a clear methodological hierarchy and a precise chronological window, this study provides actionable guidelines to standardize walnut multiplication, mitigate seasonal climate risks, and substantially increase the output of high-quality certified planting material.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Sustainable Cellulose-Based Gels: Synthesis, Chemical Modification, and Biomedical Application
(MDPI, 2026-07-20) Tofănică, Bogdan-Marian; Ungureanu, Elena
The growing demand for sustainable, biocompatible, and non-toxic biomaterials has driven significant advancements in biobased gels for biomedical applications. Among these, cellulose—the most abundant renewable biopolymer—presents an ideal platform due to its inherent hydrophilicity, structural tunability, and biodegradability. This review reports the recent advancements in the processing and engineering of cellulose-based hydrogels for drug delivery systems. We systematically explore the primary synthesis routes, including physical, chemical, and hybrid cross-linking strategies. Special emphasis is placed on chemical modifications (e.g., sulfation, carboxylation, etherification, and polymer grafting) that allow precise tuning of the gel’s mechanical strength, swelling kinetics, and stimuli-responsiveness (such as pH, temperature, or enzyme sensitivity). Furthermore, the review highlights essential characterization techniques—spanning structural, morphological, and rheological evaluations—used to relate cross-link density to the water-holding capacity and network homogeneity. By leveraging their highly hydrated and porous 3D architectures, these modified cellulosic networks demonstrate exceptional efficiency in drug loading, controlled release, and targeted localized therapy. Finally, we discuss current challenges, including industrial scalability and mechanical stability, and provide future perspectives on integrating nanoparticles and bioactive moieties to develop “smart” drug-eluting matrices and wound care dressings. Ultimately, this review underscores the immense potential of cellulose-based gels in advancing both clinical outcomes and circular economy goals.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Bioremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Agricultural Soils: Mechanisms, Emerging Technologies, and Pathways to Field-Scale Application
(MDPI, 2026-05-30) Motrescu, Iuliana; Luchian, Camelia-Elena
Agricultural soils worldwide are facing escalating contamination by heavy metals, which present high risks for health due to their persistence, being non-biodegradable, accumulating across the soil profile, and being easily transferred into edible plant tissues, thus propagating through the food chain, with serious consequences for human health and ecosystem integrity. Conventional physical and chemical remediation approaches are costly, ecologically disruptive and operationally complex for the extent of contamination of agricultural land. Thus, there is an urgent need for sustainable and scalable alternatives. This review addresses the need by providing an integrated, mechanistically grounded synthesis of plant-based bioremediation strategies for heavy metal contamination removal, emphasizing the links between soil chemistry, plant physiology, and soil microbiology. First, the principal contamination pathways and controls on metal speciation and bioavailability are summarized, highlighting how parameters such as pH, organic matter, clay minerals, and redox conditions govern the metal fraction available for the plants. The molecular basis of plant heavy metal uptake, translocation and detoxification is examined in detail, including transporter-mediated root uptake, xylem loading and long-distance transport, and chelation by phytochelatins and metallothioneins. The performance and limitations of the main phytoremedation strategies are evaluated across representative hyperaccumulator species, then two major enhancement solutions are discussed: chemical enhancement using synthetic and biodegradable agents, and biological enhancement through plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and mycoremediation fungi. Integrating these perspectives, this review provides a critical assessment of when and how phytoremediation can offer a realistic and agronomically compatible route for managing heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Current Perspectives on the Sustainable Remediation of Lead-Contaminated Water Using Tomato Juice By-Products
(MDPI, 2026-04-07) Enache, Iuliana-Maria; Motrescu, Iuliana; Cara, Irina-Gabriela; Protea, Miruna-Paraschiva; Țopa, Denis-Constantin; Ungureanu, , Gabriela; Patraș, Antoanela
The large quantities of agri-food waste produced worldwide by the tomato processing industry require recovery. This study evaluated the efficiency of the by-product resulting from tomato juice preparation as an innovative biomaterial for removing lead from water. The pomace was dried and tested in two forms: raw (RT) and after extraction of soluble compounds (ET). The extracts obtained from the preparation of ET, could be reintroduced into the food industry (as colorants, etc.) according to the “zero waste” principle, but further studies are needed. No other chemical pre-treatment was applied to improve the lead-adsorption capacity. The pH influence, biosorbent dosage, kinetics and equilibrium were evaluated. Analytical methods, such as atomic absorption spectrometry, elemental chemical analysis, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and predictive models, were applied. The outcomes demonstrated a lead-adsorption efficiency of 99.22% for ET and 89.83% for RT, an optimum pH of 4.0 ± 0.5, and an initial solution containing 20 mg Pb2+/L. The Langmuir model predicted high removal capacities: 142.18 mg/g for ET and 90.91 mg/g for RT. Both forms of tomato pomace were efficient for sustainable and cost-effective water remediation, but an improvement was noticed after the extraction of soluble components that could be valorized in other products within the circular economy.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Allelopathic Interactions in Vegetable Production Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives
(MDPI, 2026-04-02) Tănase, Beatrice-Elena; Istrate, Ana-Maria-Roxana; Stoleru, Vasile
The need to investigate ecological and sustainable approaches to weed management, as well as to reduce the negative environmental impact of chemical herbicides, is becoming increasingly important in modern agriculture and land management. Among alternative strategies, allelopathy is a natural mechanism by which particular plant species release bioactive compounds that can influence the germination, growth, and development of neighboring plants. Harnessing allelopathic interactions offers an opportunity to develop environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic herbicides and helps preserve ecological balance within agroecosystems. This review examines the potential of allelopathic plant-derived substances for weed control in agricultural systems, with particular emphasis on managing weed populations in vegetable crops and gardens in urban and peri-urban areas. This study introduces the concept of allelopathy with definitions and general information. Subsequently, the paper analyzes the phenomenon’s presence at the plant level, its interactions, and the extracts obtained from allelopathic plants. The paper focuses on essential oils and fatty acid-derived compounds, such as pelargonic acid, which have demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on weed germination and biomass accumulation. Overall, the presented results establish a scientific basis for developing bioherbicides and support implementing sustainable, environmentally responsible horticultural practices.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Self-Healing in Cellulose-Based Materials: From Fundamentals to Future Perspectives
(MDPI, 2026-04-16) Tofănică, Bogdan-Marian; Ungureanu, Elena
Self-healing materials have attracted increasing attention as a strategy to enhance durability, extend service life, and reduce maintenance in advanced material systems. Among these, cellulose-based self-healing materials represent a sophisticated intersection between sustainable macromolecular chemistry and adaptive materials science. This review provides a synthesis of recent advancements in the field, systematically categorizing materials derived from cellulose raw materials. We evaluate the fundamental chemical strategies employed to achieve autonomous repair, distinguishing between extrinsic mechanisms—utilizing cellulose-based micro/nano-capsules to sequester healing agents—and intrinsic mechanisms governed by dynamic covalent chemistry (Schiff-base, boronic ester, Diels–Alder) and supramolecular interactions (hydrogen bonding, metal–ligand coordination, and host–guest assemblies). The analysis highlights how cellulose’s hierarchical structure and abundant surface functionality are leveraged to overcome the traditional trade-off between mechanical toughness and healing efficiency. Particular emphasis is placed on the transition from simple structural hydrogels to sophisticated multifunctional systems. These include ultra-stretchable strain and pressure sensors for e-skin applications, biocompatible and injectable matrices for chronic wound management and stem cell delivery, and advanced anti-freezing eutectogels for performance in extreme environments. Furthermore, we explore the integration of cellulose into traditional sectors, such as self-healing concrete utilizing microbe-induced calcification and smart, eco-friendly coatings for corrosion protection. Finally, we discuss critical challenges, including environmental stability, scalability, and the development of standardized evaluation protocols, providing a roadmap for the next generation of bio-derived, sustainable and intelligent materials.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Social Media Use, Health Behavior and Body Appreciation Among Romanian University Students
(MDPI, 2026-07-10) Panciuc, Șerban-Laurențiu; Mihăianu, Iustina-Gabriela; Colibaba, Lucia-Cintia; Iorga, Magdalena
Background: In contemporary society, marked by rapid transformations in the sphere of communication and social interaction, social networks have gone beyond the role of simple communication platforms, becoming places where identities are formed, cultural norms are negotiated and self-perceptions are shaped. This reality has generated a growing interest in studying the relationship between the digital environment and health behaviors, especially among young people, a social category extremely receptive to visual and normative influences promoted online. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among students enrolled in different kinds of faculties and specialties. An online questionnaire was distributed to gather socio-demographic, academic and medical data along with lifestyle and health-related behaviors. Several psychometric instruments were used: Health Behaviour Scale (HBS) to measure various dimensions of health-related actions, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) to screen for addictive or problematic social media use, Social Media Disorder Scale (SMDS) to measure the problematic social media use among adolescents, Body Appreciation Scale–2 (BAS-2) to evaluate measure of one’s acceptance, favorable opinions and respect of their own body, and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) to identify the psychological motives behind overeating. Results: More than 70% of students declared that they had their first smartphone before the age of 12 and 65% of students had screentime higher than 3 h per day during the weekdays, with a small increase during the weekends. Women scored higher than men in emotional eating (food consumption in response to negative emotions), and external eating (response to food stimuli in the environment, independent of hunger). Respondents from rural areas showed a significantly lower level of respect and acceptance of their own body and higher risk for Social Media Disorder compared to participants from urban areas. Important statistical correlation has been identified among the variables of the research. Social media addiction was associated with higher emotional eating both directly and indirectly, via lower body appreciation. The analysis also indicated that it does not show a direct relationship with restrictive eating behaviors; rather, its association with restrained eating is fully mediated by the individual’s body appreciation. Conclusions: The use of social platforms is a challenging process, with a great impact on psychological and emotional balance of young people. Even if the study identified a normative use among young people with a high education level, the risks factors should be taken into consideration when dealing with screentime, psychological and mental health and the risk for addiction.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Lignin–Sustainable Polymer for Mn(II) Biosorption from Aqueous Media
(MDPI, 2026-06-18) Ungureanu, Elena; Tofănică, Bogdan-Marian; Fortună, Maria E.; Ungureanu, Ovidiu C.; Rotaru, Răzvan; Popa, Valentin I.
In the context of the circular bioeconomy and environmental protection trends, the efficient use of renewable resources has become a driving force for industry, and lignin represents precisely a renewable carbon resource, abundant in terrestrial biomass that could become a sustainable substitute for fossil resources, under conditions of full exploitation. This study systematically evaluates the biosorption of Manganese (Mn(II)) from aqueous media using unmodified Tripidium bengalense (Sarkanda grass) lignin. Under optimal operating conditions (adsorbent dosage of 5 g/L, pH 6.5, and 20 °C), a highly competitive experimental adsorption capacity of 12.52 mg/g was achieved. Kinetic studies revealed exceptionally rapid uptake rates, with thermodynamic equilibrium established within the first 30 min, fitting perfectly with the pseudo-second-order (Ho-McKay) model (R2 ≥ 0.9998). Equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm (R2 ≥ 0.9886), confirming chemisorption via preferential inner-sphere complexation on a heterogeneous surface. Thermodynamic analysis verified that the process is spontaneous (ΔG ranging from −13.24 to −26.19 kJ/mol) and endothermic (ΔH from 11.21 to 14.83 kJ/mol). FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TG/DTG analyses confirmed successful Mn–O coordination involving phenolic hydroxyl and carboxylic groups. Furthermore, the lignin showed excellent recyclability, maintaining a retention efficiency over 70% (70.7–85.8%) after three desorption-resorption cycles using 1N HCl. Ecotoxicological validation via Sorghum bicolor L. germination tests confirmed the complete detoxification of the post-adsorption filtrates (up to 100% germination capacity), while the Mn(II)-loaded lignin completely suppressed seed germination (0%), proving secure metal immobilization. These findings establish raw Sarkanda grass lignin as an efficient, scalable, and ecologically sustainable biosorbent for heavy metal remediation.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Preliminary Study of the Impact of Zwitterionic Ion-Exchange Resins on the Phenolic and Volatile Profiles of Fetească Neagră and Cabernet Sauvignon Wines
(MDPI, 2026-05-07) Gabur, Georgiana-Diana; Mihai, Marcela; Zaharia, Marius-Mihai; Sánchez-Suárez, Fernando; Muñoz-Castell, Raquel; Peinado, Rafael A.; Teodosiu, Carmen; Cioroiu, Ionel-Bogdan; Gabur, Iulian
Zwitterionic ion-exchange polymers, known for advanced sorption properties, were used in this study to investigate their impact on the phenolic and volatile aroma compounds of Fetească neagră (FN) and Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) wines. Treatments with these compounds showed decreases in total phenolic content from 7.08 to 5.79 g/L gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in CS and from 5.96 to 4.76 g/L GAE in FN, reducing tannins and reactive phenolics and enhancing colloidal stability. Analysis of volatile compounds revealed selective increases in key esters and higher alcohols, contributing to enhanced fruity notes reaching 22.9% in CS and 26.8% in FN, and floral notes reaching 14.9% in CS and 20.4% in FN. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear separation by variety (PC1: 54.8%) and treatment (PC2: 30.1%), while heatmap clustering highlighted variety-specific volatile profiles. These results demonstrate that zwitterionic resin treatment represents a novel approach for controlled modulation of wine composition and aroma, enhancing stability and aromatic complexity while preserving varietal typicity.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Enhancing Dielectric, Electrical, and Gas Sensing Properties of CaFeO3−δ Through Sintering Temperature Optimization
(MDPI, 2026-03-17) Benatia, Amina; Gouitaa, Najwa; Țurcan, Ina; Gheorghiu, Felicia; Ursu, Laura-Elena; Leontie, Liviu; MitoȘeriu, Liliana; Ahjyaje, Fatima Zahra; Lamcharfi, Taj-dine; Abdi, Farid
This research aims to investigate the modifications of the structural, dielectric, and sensing properties of CaFeO3−δ ceramics produced by solid-state reaction induced by varying sintering temperatures in the range of 1000–1200 °C. A single crystallographic orthorhombic (Pcmn) structure was revealed by X-ray diffraction with Rietveld analysis, both for the powders and sintered ceramics, irrespective of the sintering temperature. The increase in the sintering temperature induces better densification and a larger grain size. Dielectric measurements reveal a pronounced enhancement of the relative permittivity, reaching 2 × 105 at 1 kHz and 330 °C for the sample sintered at 1200 °C/4 h. This composition also displays the highest electrical conductivity, 0.4 S/m at 1 MHz. Cole–Cole analysis indicates a clear deviation from ideal Debye behavior, while the relaxational features of the dielectric permittivity suggest a strong correlation between the dielectric response and Fe-related conduction mechanisms. Gas sensing tests show that the ferrite ceramics exhibit consistent ethanol response trends. The ceramic sintered at 1200 °C/4 h achieved the highest sensitivity, of 56.28%, which can be attributed to its higher density, larger ceramic grains, and reduced low-frequency conductivity. The CaFeO3−δ ceramic sintered at 1200 °C/4 h shows a combination of high permittivity, enhanced conductivity, and strong ethanol sensitivity, making it a promising material for dielectric components, capacitive devices, and gas sensing applications.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Preliminary Biochemical, Physiological, and Yield Responses of Sweet Corn to Organic and Chemical Fertilization Across Genotypes
(MDPI, 2026-01-26) Nicorici, Petru-Liviu; Abdelnaby Elhawary, Saad Masood; Ordóñez-Díaz, Jose Luis; Sanchez-Parra, Mónica; Rădeanu, Georgiana; Caruso, Gianluca; Moreno-Rojas, Jose Manuel; Rusu, Oana-Raluca; Roșca, Mihaela; Stoleru, Vasile
Sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) is a widely cultivated crop valued for its sweet flavor and high nutritional content. Over the past decade, the area devoted to sweet corn grain production has increased substantially, driven by both its nutritional qualities and its economic value. In this context, we aimed to evaluate the impact of three genotypes (Royalty F1, Hardy F1 and Deliciosul de Bacau,) under two fertilization types (chemical and organic) compared with a control version on yield, biometrical, biochemical, and quality parameters. This research was carried out between 2022 and 2023 at an experimental station situated in the North-East region of Romania. The results revealed significant influences of cultivar, fertilization method, and the interaction between these two experimental factors on most of the analyzed indicators. Regardless of the fertilization type, the genotype Hardy F1 showed higher levels of photosynthetic activity, polyphenols (2.22 mg/g d.w.) and sucrose (6.7 g/100 g d.w.), leading to greater yield (13,995 kg/ha) than that of Deliciosul de Bacau and Royalty F1. Research on fertilization has shown that sweet corn grains under an organic method have higher levels of lycopene, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total phenolic content (TPC), and fructose. In contrast, chemical fertilization more effectively supported growth, photosynthetic activity, yield, and the content of antioxidants and tannins. Regarding the combined influence of these factors, most of the nutritional characteristics of Royalty F1 were enhanced by organic fertilization, whereas those of the Hardy F1 genotype were improved by chemical fertilization. These findings provide practical guidance for selecting appropriate genotype–fertilization combinations to optimize the yield and nutritional quality of sweet corn and highlight key priorities for further research on sustainable fertilization strategies under climate change conditions.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
SSR-Based Genetic Diversity Assessment Among Varieties Conserved in a Romanian Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Collection
(MDPI, 2026-03-05) Hârța, Monica; Clapa, Doina; De Lorenzis, Gabriella; Colibaba, Lucia-Cintia; Rotaru, Liliana
The present study highlights the genetic relationships among 52 grapevine varieties, including traditional and newly developed Romanian varieties and international reference cultivars, held in a small didactic ampelographic collection in Iaşi, Romania, and their genetic diversity, assessed using multivariate analysis. Twelve nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, including nine OIV-standard descriptors, were used for genetic profiling. A total of 102 alleles were identified, with an average of 8.5 alleles per locus. The mean polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.779 confirmed the high discriminatory power of the chosen markers. NJ dendrogram and PCoA yielded mostly similar results but did not clearly differentiate genotypes based on the selected criteria for genotype comparison (usage or historical status). STRUCTURE analysis assigned genotypes to SSR-group 1 (23.07%) and SSR-group 2 (34.61%) under K = 2 and a Q-value threshold of 0.85. The high proportion of admixed genotypes (42.32%) may reflect complex pedigrees and the migration of grapevine varieties across a wider territory surrounding Romania. The present research may serve as a starting point for future studies in Romania on the genetic structure and parental analysis of grapevine varieties held in small didactic collections, aiming to characterize and hold valuable grapevine varieties under secure conditions for future generations.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Integrated Management of the Urban Water Cycle: A Synthesis of Impacts and Solutions from Source to Tap
(MDPI, 2026-03-23) Marcoie, Nicolae; Iliesi, Elena; Barta, András-István; Raboșapca, Irina; Toma, Daniel; Boboc, Valentin; Balan, Cătălin-Dumitrel; Tofănică, Bogdan-Marian
Urbanization fundamentally fractures the natural water cycle, leading to a cascade of interconnected problems including increased flood risk, degraded water quality, stressed groundwater resources, and inefficient distribution networks. Traditional, fragmented management approaches that address these issues in isolation have proven inadequate. This research argues for a paradigm shift towards an Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) framework anchored in the concept of the “river-aquifer-pipe network continuum”, treating these components as a single, dynamic hydrological and infrastructural entity. Drawing upon a series of detailed case studies from Eastern Romania, this paper synthesizes the systemic impacts of development across the entire urban water system. Evidence from the Prut, Olt, and Bahlui river basins demonstrate how channelization exacerbates flood peaks and leads to severe biochemical degradation. Hydrogeological modeling of the Gherăești-Bacău wellfield reveals the vulnerabilities of over-extraction, while analysis of the Iași water network highlights the challenge of water losses in the aging infrastructure. In response, a modern, multi-tool approach is consolidated into a practical, three-stage framework for action: Diagnose, Prescribe, and Optimize. This framework advocates for (1) a comprehensive diagnosis using a suite of predictive numerical models (a “digital twin”); (2) the prescription of foundational, nature-based solutions, such as floodplain restoration, to heal core ecological functions; and (3) the continuous optimization of engineered infrastructure using smart, real-time control technologies. The synthesis concludes that an integrated, data-driven, and collaborative approach is the only sustainable path forward. Future research should focus on formally coupling these diagnostic models to create true Digital Twins of urban water systems—an essential step towards building resilient, water-secure cities for the 21st century.
listelement.badge.access-status Open Access ,
Assessing Viticultural Parameters and Wine Quality in Relation to Climate Conditions
(MDPI, 2026-03-19) Scutarașu, Andrei; Colibaba, Lucia-Cintia; Scutarașu, Elena-Cristina; Luchian, Camelia-Elena; Rotaru, Liliana; Filimon, Răzvan Vasile; Filimon, Roxana Mihaela; Cotea, Valeriu V.
This study evaluates viticultural parameters of the Golia grape variety in relation to variable climatic conditions over the 2020–2024 period and analyzes their impact on wine quality. The data show significant climatic variability, with warming trends causing earlier flowering and ripening by 11–13 days. Grape production varied depending on climatic conditions, with 2021 and 2024 recording the highest number of shoots per trunk and increased fertility in 2024. Low winter temperature led to reduced bud viability and affected the overall health of the vines and harvest yields. Average annual precipitation, especially from the growing season, significantly influenced actual yield (AY), while higher annual temperatures and sunshine duration (Sun) resulted in lower grape weight. Greater sugar concentrations accumulated in years with higher temperatures, while higher acidity levels registered at lower temperatures. Higher precipitation (Pp) coupled with thermal accumulation promoted higher dry extract and alcoholic strength (AS), significantly enhancing the perception of honey notes (R2 > 0.7, p-value < 0.05). Furthermore, higher thermal regimes negatively impacted the expression of delicate aromatic compounds, diminishing specific notes such as rose and exotic fruits.

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